Functional groups Flashcards
What are functional groups?
Functional groups are little attachments to the carbon backbone that
gives some kind of property to that molecule
What is a carbonyl?
A double-bonded oxygen atom attached to a carbon backbone
What is an aldehyde?
The carbonyl is attached to at least one H atom
What is a ketone?
Carbonyl is attached to two other carbon atoms that are part of alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aromatic groups
What is the difference between an aldehyde and a ketone?
A ketone will have 2 carbons connected to it along with the oxygen whereas an aldehyde will have one carbon connected to it and a hydrogen as well as a double-bonded oxygen.
Are ketones and aldehydes found in nature?
Yes
Do aldehydes and ketones have low molecular masses?
No, they have high molecular masses
Do ketones and aldehydes have pleasant odours and flavours?
Yes. aldehydes in things like cinnamon, and vanilla and ketones in things like mint plants and butter. and are both commonly used in perfumes and air fresheners
Are carbonyls polar or non-polar?
Polar which makes it water-soluble.
What is the oxidation and reduction of aldehydes?
Primary alcohol oxidates to an aldehyde and then oxidates again to a carboxylic acid. Aldehydes can be reduced back to a primary alcohol.
What is the oxidation and reduction of ketones?
Secondary alcohol oxidates to ketones and then there is no further oxidation. a ketone can be reduced back to a secondary alcohol.
What is a carboxylic acid?
An organic compound whose functional group is the carboxyl functional group
What is a carboxyl group?
A carbonyl group (C=O) with a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to the carbonyl carbon atom
What is the structural representation of a carboxylic acid?
RCOOH = a carboxylic acid
—- COOH = a carboxyl group.
Name Some Common Carboxylic Acids
Acetic acid – vinegar
Oxalic acid – spinach, cabbage and rhubarb
Lactic acid – sour milk, sauerkraut, and dill pickles… and our muscles and red blood cells create it when exercising
Malic acid & tartaric acid – naturally in fruits
Citric acid – used in beverages and foods
What changes to the carboxylic acid if added to water?
Hydrogen ion transfer occurs to produce hydronium ion and carboxylate ion
Are carboxylate acids weak or strong?
Weak
A Brønsted-Lowry acid is a substance that breaks down to donate a
Proton/H+ ion _ to some other substance
A Brønsted-Lowry base is a substance that can accept a
Proton/H+ ion _ from some other substance
Polyfunctional Carboxylic Acids Hydroxy Acids
Contain at least one hydroxyl group and are naturally present in many foods
Keto acids
Contain a carbonyl group within a carbon chain
Has an odor resembling that of vinegar.
Fatty acids
Naturally occurring monocarboxylic acids with linear (unbranched) carbon chain
Have an even number of carbon atoms
How many carbon atoms does a long-chain fatty acid have?
12-26
How many carbon atoms does a Medium-chain fatty acid have?
8-10
How many carbon atoms does a Short-chain fatty acid have?
4-6
What are the two types of fatty acids?
Saturated - All C–C bonds are single bonds and Unsaturated
* Monounsaturated
* Polyunsaturated
What is Monounsaturated fatty acid?
Fatty acid with a carbon chain in which one carbon-carbon double bond is present
What is Polyunsaturated fatty acid?
Fatty acid with a carbon chain in which two or more carbon-carbon double bond is present
when does a fatty acid chain bends increase?
Number of “bends” in a fatty acid chain increases as the number of double bonds increases.
-Less packing occurs
-The melting point is lower
-Tend to be liquid at room temperature
What is the simplest aldehyde?
Formaldehyde
what is the simplest ketone?
Acetone
