Carbohydrates Flashcards
What are examples of inorganic substances?
Water and inorganic salts
What are examples of organic substances?
Carbs, protein, lipids and nucleic acids.
How much dry plant sources are carbohydrates?
75%
what are carbohydrates produced by?
Photosynthesis
What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
CO2+H2O+solar energy
What is the energy source of photosynthesis?
Sunlight absorbed by chlorophyll
What does photosynthesis create?
Glucose.
WHat are Carbohydrates function in the body?
*Provide energy
* Provide a short-term energy reserve
as glycogen
* Supply carbon atoms for the synthesis of other biochemical
substances (proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids)
* Part of the structural framework of DNA and RNA molecules
* Linked to lipids are structural components of cell membranes
and linked to proteins function in a variety of cell–cell and
cell–molecule recognition processes
What is the general formula of simple carbohydrates?
CnH2nOn
What is the difference between a glucose and a fructose formula?
A glucose has a aldehyde group and a fructose has a ketone group.
What are the different types of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides (not as important), and Polysaccharides.
How many Monosaccharides can polysaccharides have?
hundreds to thousands
What are the 4 Monosaccharides
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Ribose
What are examples of disaccharides
Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose
What Monosaccharides make up lactose?
Glucose and galactose
What Monosaccharides make up maltose?
Glucose and glucose
What Monosaccharides make up sucrose?
Glucose and fructose
What carbohydrates can be broken down to simpler substances?
Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, and Polysaccharides.
What breaks carbohydrates into simpler substances?
Enzymes or hydrolysis reaction
Are carbohydrates water soluble?
Yes
How are carbohydrates bonded together?
By covalent bonds
Examples of polysaccharides?
– Cellulose - Paper, cotton, wood
– Starch - Bread, pasta, potatoes, rice, corn, beans,
and peas
What is Chirality or handedness?
Meaning the formula will mirror each other. Like if you were to put both hands palms together it mirrors eachother.
What is a chiral molecule
Contains a Carbon atom with four different groups
attached to it
What is chiral centre
C atom attached to 4 different groups and is usually
denoted by *
What does achiral mean?
the formula will have 2 or more of the same groups
What system does Fischer Projection Formulas use?
L and D system used to designate the handedness of
glyceraldehyde enantiomers. L glyceraldehyde will have the -OH on the left hand side and D glyceraldehyde will have the -OH on the right.
How can you identify the D isomer of a carbohydrate by looking at the Fischer projection formula?
The –OH group on the chiral carbon farthest from the
carbonyl group is pointing to the right.
What are the Classification based on number of carbon atoms?
- Triose - 3 carbon atoms
– Tetrose - 4 carbon atoms
– Pentoses - 5 carbon atoms
– Hexoses - 6 carbon atoms
What are the Classification based on functional groups
– Aldoses: Monosaccharides with one aldehyde group
– Ketoses: Monosaccharides with one ketone group
What structural feature distinguishes an aldose and a ketose?
An aldose possesses an aldehyde group, and a ketose possesses a ketone group.
how many membered cyclic forms is glucose?
6-membered cyclic form.
what are 2 examples of 5-membered cyclic forms?
Fructose and Ribose
how many membered cyclic forms is galactose?
6-membered cyclic form.
Where is Ribose found?
Part of a variety of complex molecules which
include:
– RNA
– ATP
– DNA
Which monosaccharide is the most important from a human nutritional standpoint?
D-Glucose
What is the Cyclic Hemiacetal Forms of D-Glucose
Cyclic monosaccharides differ only in the position of the substituents on the anomeric carbon atom. Alpha anomer (the fancy a) will point down to the OH and the Beta anomer (fancy B) will point up to the OH.
What is the Haworth projection formula?
Haworth projection formula: Two-dimensional structural notation that specifies the three-dimensional structure of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide
how many monosaccharides is a disaccharide composed of? and how does this happen?
- 2
- When two monosaccharides combine in a dehydration reaction, the product is a disaccharide.
What is the linkage that is formed when two monosaccharides react to form a disaccharide called?
Glycosidic linkage
what are the four most important polysaccharides? and examples
amylose, amylopectin, cellulose, and glycogen
– Cellulose and glycogen - Storage polysaccharides
– Chitin - Structural polysaccharide
– Hyaluronic acid - Acidic polysaccharide
What does homopolysaccharide mean
the same monosaccharide bonded together
What does heteropolysaccharide mean
many different monosaccharides bonded together
