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Biochemistry > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

It is a family of substances that are insoluble in water, but soluble in nonpolar and low polarity solvents.

A

Lipids

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2
Q

It is generally called “bad cholesterol”

A

(LDL) Low-density Lipoprotein

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3
Q

Why fatty acids are regarded to be amphipathic?

A

It has both polar (hydrophilic head) and nonpolar (hydrophobic tail) groups.

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4
Q

True or False.

Most fatty acids found in nature have an even number of carbon atoms.

A

True (usually 14 to 24)

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5
Q

A type of fatty acid that has one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

A

Unsaturated fatty acid

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6
Q

A type of fatty acid that consists of carbon-carbon single bonds.

A

Saturated fatty acid

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7
Q

What is the function of unsaturated fatty acids in membranes?

A

They give the fluidity/interior of the membrane (a liquid-like structure)

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8
Q

Fatty acids that must be part of our diets since we cannot synthesize them.

A

Essential fatty acids

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9
Q

It is generally called “good cholesterol”

A

(HDL) High-density Lipoprotein

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10
Q

A type of fatty acid that is solid at room temperature.

A

Saturated fatty acid

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11
Q

A type of fatty acid that is liquid at room temperature.

A

Unsaturated fatty acid

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12
Q

True or False.

Unsaturated fatty acids have higher melting points than saturated fatty acids.

A

False.

Saturated have higher melting points (the greater the degree of unsaturation, the lower the melting point)

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13
Q

What is the backbone of all triglycerides that contain 3 hydroxyl (OH) groups?

A

Glycerol

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14
Q

What is the linkage between three alcohol groups (glycerol) and fatty acids in triacylglycerol?

A

Ester linkages

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15
Q

The main component of animal fats and plant oils that consists of glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

A

Triacylglycerols (Triglycerides)

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16
Q

A type of triglyceride where all three fatty acid groups are the same.

A

Simple triglycerides

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17
Q

A type of triglyceride where two or three fatty acid groups are different.

A

Mixed triglyceride

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18
Q

What is the state of a triglyceride if it contains a high proportion of long-chain saturated fatty acids?

A

Solid (fats)

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19
Q

What is the state of a triglyceride if it contains a high proportion of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Liquid (oils)

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20
Q

What affects the structural difference between fats and oils?

A

Degree of unsaturation

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21
Q

The process of converting unsaturated liquid oils to solids through reduction reaction (adding H2)

A

Hydrogenation

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22
Q

A reactant used in a saponification reaction of fats/oil

A

a strong base/lye

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23
Q

What is the source of trans fatty acids?

A

Hydrogenation

24
Q

Why do trans fatty acids are not generally recognized as safe?

A

Diets that contain large amounts of trans fats tend to lead to high levels of serum cholesterol and a higher ratio of LDL to HDL (risk factors for heart disease)

25
Q

Recipe for saponification (making of soap)

A
  1. Acid (fatty acid; oil)

2. Strong Base (NaOH; lye)

26
Q

A complex lipid that consists of 1 alcohol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate ester.

A

Phospholipid

27
Q

What is the alcohol in a glycerophospholipid?

A

Glycerol

28
Q

If the phospholipid has choline alcohol, what will you call it?

A

Phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)

29
Q

What alcohols can be found in cephalin?

A

Ethanolamine or serine

30
Q

What alcohol can be found in phosphatidylinositols?

A

Inositols

31
Q

Phospholipids that contain sphingosine alcohol.

A

Sphingolipid

32
Q

Where can we find sphingolipids?

A

In the myelin sheaths or nerve cell membranes

33
Q

Complex lipids that contain carbohydrates.

A

Glycolipids

34
Q

A class of glycolipids that contain ceramide

A

Cerebroside

35
Q

A group of plant and animal lipids that contains a tetracyclic ring structure.

A

Steroids

36
Q

True or False.

Progesterone serves as the starting compound for both sex hormones and adrenocortical hormones.

A

True

37
Q

The most abundant steroid in the human body which serves as a component in the plasma membrane.

A

Cholesterol

38
Q

They are regarded as the “carrier” of cholesterol.

A

Lipoproteins

39
Q

A lipoprotein that carries triglycerides (fats) synthesized by the liver.

A

Very-low density lipoprotein

40
Q

True or False.

If LDL receptors are sufficient, cholesterol accumulates in the blood.

A

False.
If LDL receptors are sufficient, they will be able to distribute the cholesterol to different cells. (keeping the cholesterol in the blood at a normal level)

41
Q

What adrenocorticoid hormone regulates the concentration of ions (Na+ and K+)?

A

Mineralocorticoids

42
Q

What adrenocorticoid hormone controls carbohydrate metabolism?

A

Glucocorticoid

43
Q

The most important mineralocorticoid that enhances the reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- ions in the kidney tubules (controls tissue swelling).

A

Aldosterone

44
Q

The major glucocorticoid that increases the glucose and glycogen concentrations in the body.

A

Cortisol

45
Q

What are the oxidation products of cholesterol?

A

Bile salts

46
Q

Complete the sentence.

Bile salts are synthesized in the ___ and stored in ___.

A

Kidney - gallblader

47
Q

What is the purpose of bile salts?

A

Emulsify dietary fats and aid in their absorption and digestion.

48
Q

What are the precursors of prostaglandins, thromboxane, and leukotrienes?

A

Arachidonic acids

49
Q

What COX enzyme is responsible for the production of prostaglandins in inflammations causing fever and pain?

A

COX-2

50
Q

What COX enzyme is responsible for the production of prostaglandins to ensure homeostasis in the body?

A

COX-1

51
Q

A substance that causes blood clotting and constriction of blood vessels. (encourages platelet aggregation or clumping)

A

Thromboxanes

52
Q

A substance that acts to mediate hormonal responses.

A

Leukotrienes

53
Q

What kind of lipoprotein carries cholesterol to the cells/cell membrane?

A

(LDL) Low-density Lipoprotein

54
Q

A lipoprotein that has the largest percentage of cholesterol and a low percentage of proteins.

A

(LDL) Low-density Lipoprotein

55
Q

What is the carbon number location of the phosphate group in the glycerophospholipid backbone?

A

C3

Biochemistry (5 decks)

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