Lipids

Question 1

It is a family of substances that are insoluble in water, but soluble in nonpolar and low polarity solvents.

Answer 1

Lipids

Question 2

It is generally called “bad cholesterol”

Answer 2

(LDL) Low-density Lipoprotein

Question 3

Why fatty acids are regarded to be amphipathic?

Answer 3

It has both polar (hydrophilic head) and nonpolar (hydrophobic tail) groups.

Question 4

True or False.

Most fatty acids found in nature have an even number of carbon atoms.

Answer 4

True (usually 14 to 24)

Question 5

A type of fatty acid that has one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

Answer 5

Unsaturated fatty acid

Question 6

A type of fatty acid that consists of carbon-carbon single bonds.

Answer 6

Saturated fatty acid

Question 7

What is the function of unsaturated fatty acids in membranes?

Answer 7

They give the fluidity/interior of the membrane (a liquid-like structure)

Question 8

Fatty acids that must be part of our diets since we cannot synthesize them.

Answer 8

Essential fatty acids

Question 9

It is generally called “good cholesterol”

Answer 9

(HDL) High-density Lipoprotein

Question 10

A type of fatty acid that is solid at room temperature.

Answer 10

Saturated fatty acid

Question 11

A type of fatty acid that is liquid at room temperature.

Answer 11

Unsaturated fatty acid

Question 12

True or False.

Unsaturated fatty acids have higher melting points than saturated fatty acids.

Answer 12

False.

Saturated have higher melting points (the greater the degree of unsaturation, the lower the melting point)

Question 13

What is the backbone of all triglycerides that contain 3 hydroxyl (OH) groups?

Answer 13

Glycerol

Question 14

What is the linkage between three alcohol groups (glycerol) and fatty acids in triacylglycerol?

Answer 14

Ester linkages

Question 15

The main component of animal fats and plant oils that consists of glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

Answer 15

Triacylglycerols (Triglycerides)

Question 16

A type of triglyceride where all three fatty acid groups are the same.

Answer 16

Simple triglycerides

Question 17

A type of triglyceride where two or three fatty acid groups are different.

Answer 17

Mixed triglyceride

Question 18

What is the state of a triglyceride if it contains a high proportion of long-chain saturated fatty acids?

Answer 18

Solid (fats)

Question 19

What is the state of a triglyceride if it contains a high proportion of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids?

Answer 19

Liquid (oils)

Question 20

What affects the structural difference between fats and oils?

Answer 20

Degree of unsaturation

Question 21

The process of converting unsaturated liquid oils to solids through reduction reaction (adding H2)

Answer 21

Hydrogenation

Question 22

A reactant used in a saponification reaction of fats/oil

Answer 22

a strong base/lye

Question 23

What is the source of trans fatty acids?

Answer 23

Hydrogenation

Question 24

Why do trans fatty acids are not generally recognized as safe?

Answer 24

Diets that contain large amounts of trans fats tend to lead to high levels of serum cholesterol and a higher ratio of LDL to HDL (risk factors for heart disease)

Question 25

Recipe for saponification (making of soap)

Answer 25

1. Acid (fatty acid; oil) | 2. Strong Base (NaOH; lye)

Question 26

A complex lipid that consists of 1 alcohol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate ester.

Answer 26

Phospholipid

Question 27

What is the alcohol in a glycerophospholipid?

Answer 27

Glycerol

Question 28

If the phospholipid has choline alcohol, what will you call it?

Answer 28

Phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)

Question 29

What alcohols can be found in cephalin?

Answer 29

Ethanolamine or serine

Question 30

What alcohol can be found in phosphatidylinositols?

Answer 30

Inositols

Question 31

Phospholipids that contain sphingosine alcohol.

Answer 31

Sphingolipid

Question 32

Where can we find sphingolipids?

Answer 32

In the myelin sheaths or nerve cell membranes

Question 33

Complex lipids that contain carbohydrates.

Answer 33

Glycolipids

Question 34

A class of glycolipids that contain ceramide

Answer 34

Cerebroside

Question 35

A group of plant and animal lipids that contains a tetracyclic ring structure.

Answer 35

Steroids

Question 36

True or False. | Progesterone serves as the starting compound for both sex hormones and adrenocortical hormones.

Answer 36

True

Question 37

The most abundant steroid in the human body which serves as a component in the plasma membrane.

Answer 37

Cholesterol

Question 38

They are regarded as the "carrier" of cholesterol.

Answer 38

Lipoproteins

Question 39

A lipoprotein that carries triglycerides (fats) synthesized by the liver.

Answer 39

Very-low density lipoprotein

Question 40

True or False. | If LDL receptors are sufficient, cholesterol accumulates in the blood.

Answer 40

False. If LDL receptors are sufficient, they will be able to distribute the cholesterol to different cells. (keeping the cholesterol in the blood at a normal level)

Question 41

What adrenocorticoid hormone regulates the concentration of ions (Na+ and K+)?

Answer 41

Mineralocorticoids

Question 42

What adrenocorticoid hormone controls carbohydrate metabolism?

Answer 42

Glucocorticoid

Question 43

The most important mineralocorticoid that enhances the reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- ions in the kidney tubules (controls tissue swelling).

Answer 43

Aldosterone

Question 44

The major glucocorticoid that increases the glucose and glycogen concentrations in the body.

Answer 44

Cortisol

Question 45

What are the oxidation products of cholesterol?

Answer 45

Bile salts

Question 46

Complete the sentence. | Bile salts are synthesized in the ___ and stored in ___.

Answer 46

Kidney - gallblader

Question 47

What is the purpose of bile salts?

Answer 47

Emulsify dietary fats and aid in their absorption and digestion.

Question 48

What are the precursors of prostaglandins, thromboxane, and leukotrienes?

Answer 48

Arachidonic acids

Question 49

What COX enzyme is responsible for the production of prostaglandins in inflammations causing fever and pain?

Answer 49

COX-2

Question 50

What COX enzyme is responsible for the production of prostaglandins to ensure homeostasis in the body?

Answer 50

COX-1

Question 51

A substance that causes blood clotting and constriction of blood vessels. (encourages platelet aggregation or clumping)

Answer 51

Thromboxanes

Question 52

A substance that acts to mediate hormonal responses.

Answer 52

Leukotrienes

Question 53

What kind of lipoprotein carries cholesterol to the cells/cell membrane?

Answer 53

(LDL) Low-density Lipoprotein

Question 54

A lipoprotein that has the largest percentage of cholesterol and a low percentage of proteins.

Answer 54

(LDL) Low-density Lipoprotein

Question 55

What is the carbon number location of the phosphate group in the glycerophospholipid backbone?

Answer 55

C3