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Biochemistry > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general formula of carbohydrates?

A

Cn(H2O)n

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2
Q

In hyaluronic acid how is N-acetyl-D-glucosamine linked to D-glucuronate?

A

by a β(1 → 4) glycosidic bond

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3
Q

In hyaluronic acid how is D-glucuronate linked to N-acetyl-D-glucosamine?

A

by a β(1 → 3) glycosidic bond

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4
Q

What classification of carbohydrates has 3-10 units of sugar?

A

Oligosaccharides

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5
Q

What carbohydrates cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler compound?

A

Monosaccharides

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6
Q

Monosaccharides that contain an aldehyde group (-CHO).

A

Aldoses

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7
Q

Monosaccharides that contain a ketone group (-C=O).

A

Ketoses

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8
Q

Two-dimensional representations showing the configuration of a tetrahedral stereocenter.

A

Fischer Projection Formula

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9
Q

Molisch test gives a purple-colored ring at the junction. This test is specifically for what type of monosaccharides?

A

pentoses and hexoses

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10
Q

What carbohydrates are associated with crustacean shells?

A

Chitin

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11
Q

An unknown solution gives a reddish-orange color when tested in an iodine solution. What could be indicated in this result?

A

no presence of starch in the unknown solution

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12
Q

An unknown solution shows a green color when tested in benedict’s test. This result shows ___________.

A

traces of reducing sugar

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13
Q

OH group is replaced with _____ in amino sugar formation.

A

amino group (NH2)

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14
Q

What is the arbitrary assignment (D or L) to the enantiomer if the -OH on the penultimate carbon is on the right in a Fischer projection?

A

(D-) Dextrorotatory-glyceraldehyde

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15
Q

What is the arbitrary assignment (D or L) to the enantiomer if the -OH on the penultimate carbon is on the left in a Fischer projection?

A

(L-) Levorotatory-glyceraldehyde

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16
Q

A component of many polysaccharides, including connective tissue such as cartilage.

A

N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine (derivative of D-glucosamine)

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17
Q

What reacts with carbonyl groups (aldehydes and ketones) to form hemiacetals?

A

alcohol

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18
Q

The common way to represent the cyclic structure of monosaccharides.

A

Haworth projections

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19
Q

A new carbon stereocenter created in the formation of the cyclic structure.

A

Anomeric carbon

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20
Q

Stereoisomers that differ in a configuration only at the anomeric carbon.

A

Anomers

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21
Q

A six-membered hemiacetal ring.

A

Pyran

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22
Q

A five-membered hemiacetal ring.

A

Furan

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23
Q

What are the four essential monosaccharides?

A
  1. Glucose
  2. Galactose
  3. Fructose
  4. Ribose
24
Q

What is the sweetest tasting of all sugars?

A

Fructose

25
Q

What is the most abundant monosaccharide?

A

Glucose

26
Q

True or False.

Ribose has a six-membered cyclic form.

A

False. (It is a five-membered cyclic)

27
Q

Under what conditions can monosaccharides be oxidized to aldaric acids?

A

Through a strong oxidizing agent

28
Q

Under what conditions can monosaccharides be oxidized to aldonic acids?

A

Through a weak oxidizing agent

29
Q

Under what conditions can monosaccharides be oxidized to alduronic acids?

A

Through an enzymatic oxidizing agent

30
Q

An oxidizing agent that can oxidize both ends of a monosaccharide.

A

Strong oxidizing agent

31
Q

An oxidizing agent that oxidizes the primary alcohol end of an aldose (e.g. glucose).

A

Enzymatic oxidizing agent

32
Q

What reaction of monosaccharides happens when a carbonyl group is reduced to a hydroxyl group?

A

Reduction to sugar alcohols (alditol)

33
Q

It reacts with sugars to form glycosides

A

alcohol

34
Q

What glycoside is produced from glucose?

A

Glucoside

35
Q

The bond that joins a simple sugar unit (mono) to another group.

A

Glycosidic bond

36
Q

What are the four most common disaccharides?

A
  1. Sucrose
  2. Lactose
  3. Maltose
  4. Cellobiose
37
Q

Disaccharides that have β(1→4) glycosidic linkage.

A

Lactose and cellobiose

38
Q

A type of disaccharide that has a(1→4) glycosidic linkage.

A

Maltose

39
Q

A type of oligosaccharide that consists of (1) galactose, (1) glucose, and (1) fructose units.

A

Raffinose

40
Q

A type of oligosaccharide that consists of (2) galactose, (1) glucose, and (1) fructose units.

A

Stachyose

41
Q

What determines blood type A in the ABO blood typing system?

A

The presence of N-acetyl-D-galactosamine antigen only

42
Q

What are the four most common polysaccharides?

A
  1. Starch
  2. Glycogen
  3. Cellulose
  4. Chitin
43
Q

A polysaccharide that is used as storage in plants.

A

Starch

44
Q

True or False.

Polysaccharides are not sweet and do not show positive tests with Tollen’s and Benedict’s solutions.

A

True

45
Q

What do you call the formation of glycogen?

A

Glycogenesis

46
Q

What do you call the decomposition of glycogen?

A

Glycogenosis

47
Q

It consists of as many as 10,000 D-glucose units linearly linked by α(1 → 4) glycosidic bonds and there are branches every 24-30 units via α(1 → 6) glycosidic bonds.

A

Amylopectin (unbranched starch)

48
Q

It consists of as many as 4000 D-glucose units linearly linked by α(1 → 4) glycosidic bonds.

A

Amylose (branched starch)

49
Q

A polysaccharide that consists of 1 million glucose units.

A

Glycogen

50
Q

A polysaccharide that consists of 5000 glucose units.

A

Cellulose

51
Q

True or False.

Humans have cellulase to hydrolyze the β(1→4) linkages in cellulose.

A

False.

Humans do not have cellulase (enzyme), so they cannot digest cellulose.

52
Q

Polysaccharides with repeating disaccharide units containing amino sugar and sugar with a negative charge due to a sulfate or carboxyl group.

A

Acidic polysaccharide

53
Q

An acidic polysaccharide with 15-90 disaccharide residues per chain (a blood anticoagulant)

A

Heparin

54
Q

A qualitative test of color reaction specific for ketoses.

A

Seliwanoff’s Test

55
Q

What is the purpose of Barfoed’s test?

A

To detect the presence of monosaccharide (reducing) sugars in solution or to distinguish disaccharides to monosaccharides.

Biochemistry (5 decks)

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