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An Introduction to Genetics and Biochemistry > Lipid Metabolism > Flashcards

Lipid Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is a lipid ?

A

A chemically diverse group of compounds which are not soluble in water but soluble in non-polar organic solvents
- usually related to fatty acids

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2
Q

What is a fatty acid ?

A

-A long hydrocarbon chain (containing carbon and hydrogen ) with a terminal carboxyl group

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3
Q

What are the 5 forms that fatty acids are found in the body ?

A
  • TRIACLYGLYCEROL
    -PHOSPHOLIPIDS
    -FREE FATTY ACIDS
    -GLYCOLIPIDS
    -CHOLESTROL ESTER
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4
Q

What are the 4 major biological roles of fatty acid ?

A
  • ENERGY STORAGE AND PRODUCTION
  • PROTECTION /INSULATION
  • ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES
  • isolate cell/organeelles from outside environment
  • allow communication with outside environment
  • PRECURSORS OF OTHER BIOACTIVE MOLECULES
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5
Q

What are 4 ways that fatty acids can differ ?

A
  • chain length
    -No. double bonds
    -Position on the chain of the double bonds
  • Type of double bond
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5
Q

What are the 2 most abundant lipids ?

A

TRIACYLGLYCEROLS
- Ester of 3 fatty acids with glycerol

GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPDS
- Ester of 2 fatty acid with glycerol
- 3rd carbon of glycerol attached to a phosphate group and another alcohol.

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6
Q

What are all polyunsaturated fatty acids made from ?

A

Monounsaturated fatty acids by further desaturations

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7
Q

Where do plants insert double bonds in fatty acid ?

A

Between existing bond and methyl group

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8
Q

Explain why fatty acids are essential and therefore must be present in the diet ?

A
  • Play are vital role in membrane function
  • Are the precursors of eicosanoids
    which are local hormones which alter the activity of the cells they are produced in and those immediately adjoining them
  • regulate a range of functions including : inflammation, blood flow, blood clotting, ion transport across membranes.
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9
Q

What occurs to make malonyl CoA from Acetyl CoA

A

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

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10
Q

How does fatty acid synthesis differ in procaryotes and eucaryotes ?

A

PROCARYOTES
- synthesis occurs due to the action of a series of separate enzyme
EUCARYOTES
- Synthesis occurs through the action of a multifunctional enzyme complex

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11
Q

what are linked to acyl carrier protein and what is it in bacteria and animals ?

A

intermediates in fatty acid synthesis are linked to an acyl carrier protein
- In bacteria this is a 77 amino acid protein joined to a phosphopantentheiene group
- In animals it is part of the fatty acid synthase complex.

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12
Q

What do fatty acid synthase system synthesizes ?

A

They synthesize long chain saturated fatty acids

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13
Q

What the series of reactions in fatty acid synthase ?

A
  1. Condensation
  2. Reduction
  3. Dehydration
  4. Reduction
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14
Q

What adds 2 carbons to pamitic acid to make stearic acid ?

A

elongate adds 2 carbons to palmitic acid to make stearic acid

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15
Q

What adds a double bond to convert stearic acid into oleic acid ?

A

desaturate adds a double bond to convert stearic acid into oleic acid

16
Q

What does the synthesis of both tracylglycerol and phospholipids start with ?

A

The conversion of glycerol-3-phosphate to phosphatidate

17
Q

What can phosphatidate be converted into ?

A

Either diacylglycerol or CDP-diacylglycerol

18
Q

What can CDP-diacylglycerol be converted into ?

A

into phophatidylinositol

19
Q

What is diaglycerol converted into ?

A

Either triacylglycerol or phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylethanoalmine

20
Q

How is phosphatidyserine made ?

A

Made by replacing the choline or ethanoline group with serine in the preformed phospholipid.

21
Q

How does intestine and liver help with lipid transport ?

A

INTESTINE - lipids derived from diet transported as lipoproteins
LIVER - lipids made or stored in liver transported as lipoproteins

22
Q

How does adipose tissue help with lipid transport ?

A

Releases fatty acids into the blood stream

23
Q

What are the 4 components of lipoproteins ?

A

PROTEINS
- Apolipoproteins
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
- Phosphatidycholine most abundant
TRIACYLGLYCEROL
-CHOLESTROL
-Free cholesterol at surface
- Cholesterol ester in core

24
Q

What classes differ in lipoproteins and what physical differences will they lead to ?

A
  • Protein/lipid ratio
    -Phospholipid/cholestrol/cholestrol ester/triacylglycerol ratio
    -specific proteins present

THIS LEADS TO PHYSICAL DIFFERENCES IN
-Size
-density
-charge

25
Q

What are apolipoproteins ?

A
  • Diverse group of protein that associate with lipoproteins
26
Q

What are 3 function of apolipoproteins ?

A

STRUCTURAL
- hold particle together
ENZYME ACTIVATORS OR INHIBITORS
- RECEPTOR RECOGNITION
recognised by receptor on the surface of cells.

An Introduction to Genetics and Biochemistry (16 decks)

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