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Animal Nutrition exam 4 > Lipid digestion and metabolism > Flashcards

Lipid digestion and metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is one thing that all lipids have in common?

A

They are insoluble in water

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2
Q

Fat has _____ times more energy than carbs

A

2.25

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3
Q

Saturated fats

A

have all single bonds

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4
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

have double bonds

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5
Q

Triglyceride structure

A

1 glycerol
3 fatty acids

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6
Q

function of lipids (2)

A

source of energy
carrier for absorption
- fat soluble vitamins, cholesterol, and sex hormones need lipid carriers to move through the bloodstream

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7
Q

essential fatty acids (3)

A

linoleic acids (18C, 2 double bonds)
linolenic acids (18C, 3 double bonds)
arachidonic acid (20C, 4 double bonds)

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8
Q

What are essential fatty acids used for?

A

precursors of a number of unsaturated fatty acids

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9
Q

What is the main enzyme that digests lipids?

A

lipase

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10
Q

What are the two forms of lipase?

A

gastric lipase
- found in the stomach
- is functional in young animals, not active in mature animals
Pancreatic lipase
- primary fat digestion enzyme
- secreted with pancreatic juice
- secreted in inactive form
- activated by Ca in lumen of S.I. (as a zymogen!!!)

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11
Q

Pancreatic lipase is secreted as a ______

A

zymogen

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12
Q

What role does the stomach play in fat digestion?

A

The stomach creates small fat droplets, increasing the surface area

the pyloric sphincter meters fat droplets to the small intestine

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13
Q

Bile functions (2)

A

emulsification of fats
arrange triglycerides for hydrolysis via lipase

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14
Q

How does lipase digest fats?

A

it cleaves the fatty acids from the glycerol backbone

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15
Q

How does bile bind triglycerides?

A

hydrophobic tails bind to the bile, exposing the glycerols for cleaving

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16
Q

What is the complex of bile and free fatty acids known as?

A

a micelle

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17
Q

Micelle

A

free fatty acid + bile

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18
Q

What happens to the micelle as it interacts with the brush border?

A

The bile is recycled back into the lumen, as the free fatty acids move into the cells of the gut. Glycerols also move into the cells.

Inside the cells, the tryglycerides are reconstituted

The restored tryglycerides are combined with protein, phospholipid, and cholesterol to form a chylomicron

The chylomicron moves into the bloodstream

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19
Q

what is a chylomicron?

A

a combination of tryglycerides, proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol that can move into the bloodstream

80% triglyceride
2% protein
7% phospholipids
11% cholesterol

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20
Q

Lipid digestion in ruminants

A

glycerols are turned into VFAs by microbes
Free fatty acids are saturated or incorporated into microbial cell walls to be digested later

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21
Q

Galactolipid

A

the lipid content of stems and leaves

Composed of a glycerol + galactose + FFAs

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22
Q

What are the end products of galactolipid digestion

A

galactose + glycerol = VFAs
FFAs = lipid alterations etc

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23
Q

Fatty acids derived from the rumen travel as…

A

FFAs OR microbial cell walls

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24
Q

What is catabolism?

A

destructive metabolic processes

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25
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Constructive metabolic processes

26
Q

What are the functions of lipids in the body?

A
  • oxidation to CO2 for ATP
  • glycolipids, phospholipids
  • lung alveolar integrity
  • solubilize ADEK
  • prostaglandins, sex hormones, adrenal hormones
  • energy
27
Q

How are lipids stored in the body?

A

they are stored as triglycerides, occuring in all tissues

adipose tissue is a special tissue specifically for storing fat, and is made up of adipocytes

28
Q

What is the name of the cells that makes up adipose tissue?

A

adipocytes

29
Q

What happens in the body in terms of fat storage during times of excess nutrients?

A

glucose, protein, and fats are converted into fat storage

30
Q

What happens in the body in terms of fat storage in times of nutrient deficiency?

A

fat is broken down for energy

31
Q

Does insulin increase or decrease fat storage?

A

increase

32
Q

does epinepherine increase or decrease fat storage?

A

decrease

33
Q

does cortisol increase or decrease fat storage?

A

decrease

34
Q

does glucagon increase or decrease fat storage?

A

decrease

35
Q

does growth hormone increase or decreasae fat storage?

A

decrease

36
Q

Typically, the composition of triglycerides in the body is….

A

similar to what is consumed

37
Q

Swine fed unsaturated fatty acids will deposit unsaturated fatty acids. This is not the case for…

A

ruminants

38
Q

How long are fat soluble vitamins typically stored in the tissues?

A

30-90 days

39
Q

In monogastric animals, milk fat is typically derived from…

A

glucose

40
Q

In ruminants, milk fat is typically derived from…

A

acetate

41
Q

Fatty acids are produced from…

A

Acetyl coA (2 carbons)

42
Q

From where can acetyl coA be sourced?

A

carbs, proteins, VFAs and degraded fats

43
Q

Where are fatty acids synthesized in the cell?

A

the cytosol

44
Q

How are fats made in the cell?

A

by the addition of acetyl coA (two carbons at a time)

45
Q

What is the typical length of a fatty acid that is produced by the body?

A

16 carbons

46
Q

What enzyme is responsible for building fatty acids in the body?

A

fatty acid synthase

47
Q

Fatty acid synthesis depends on….

A

the nutrient status of the animal (slows with deficiency of energy)

48
Q

Which enzyme is responsible breaking down triglycerides?

A

tissue lipase

49
Q

triglyceride + ______ = glycerol + fatty acid

A

tissue lipase

50
Q

What is beta oxidation?

A

The stepwise removal of 2 carbons from fatty acids, (removing one molecule of acetate (2C) as acetyl CoA)

51
Q

In beta oxidation, fats are degraded to….

A

Acetyl CoA, two carbons at a time

52
Q

What happens to acetyl coa produced by beta oxidation?

A

It goes into the krebs cycle, located in the mitochondria

53
Q

For a 16 carbon fat, what is the yield of acetyl CoA?

A

8 acetyl CoA

54
Q

What is the yield of NADH and FADH2 from one round beta oxidation?

A

1 NADH, 1 FADH2 are produced from one round of beta oxidation

one acetyl coA is also produced

55
Q

For a 16 carbon fatty acid, what is the yield of ATP and other molecules from beta oxidation and the krebs cycle?

A

Beta oxidation produces 7 FADH and NADH
- 7 FADH -> ETC (2ATP) = 14
- 7 NADH -> ETC (3ATP) = 21
Beta oxidation TOTAL = 35 ATP

8 Acetyl CoAs -> krebs = 8(3 NADH + 1 FADH + 1 GTP)
Krebs TOTAL = 96 ATP

TOTAL ATP = 131ATP

56
Q

How does ketosis occur?

A

When there is increased energy demand, B oxidation increases
There is a buildup of acetyl coA, overloading the krebs cycle and backing it up
The liver converts this excess acetyl coA into the ketones acetoacetic acid, B-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone
as ketones increase, blood pH decreases, causing metabolic acidosis
Additionally, acetoacetic acid toxicity can cause death

57
Q

What are the three main situations where ketosis is commonly seen?

A
  1. lactating ewes (twins/triplets)
  2. high producing dairy cows
  3. keto diet
58
Q

What are the three ketones that the liver produces while in ketosis

A
  1. acetoacetic acid
  2. B-hydroxybutyric acid
  3. acetone
59
Q

What are the symptoms of ketosis?

A

weak, trembling, acetone breath

60
Q

How is ketosis treated?

A
  1. Ca gluconate
  2. Na propionate
  3. buffers (increase the pH)
  4. provide glucose

Animal Nutrition exam 4 (4 decks)

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