Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Animal Nutrition exam 4 > Carbohydrate metabolism > Flashcards

Carbohydrate metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of processes of chemical changes in living cells by which energy and nutrients are provided for vital processes and activities and new materials are assimilated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Anabolism

A

the constructive part of metabolism involving synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Catabolism

A

the destructive part of metabolism involving the release of energy and breakdown of complex materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ADP

A

adenosine diphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

NADH

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

1 NADH = ___ ATP

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

FADH

A

flavin adenine dinucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

1 FADH = ___ ATP

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

GTP

A

guanosine triphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

1 GTP = ___ ATP

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

OIL RIG

A

oxidation is loss and reduction is gain (of electrons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Reducing equivalent

A

transfer of one electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Metabolism of CHO provides… (4)

A
  1. energy source (ATP)
  2. short term energy storage (glucose)
  3. long term energy storage (fatty acid precursors/glycogen
  4. amino acid precursors (C skeleton)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Characteristics of glycolysis

A

anaerobic

occurs in cytosol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Characteristics and other names for the krebs cycle

A

the krebs cycle is also called the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle and the citric acid cycle

the krebs cycle is aerobic and occurs in the mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

characteristics of oxidative phosphorylation

A

aerobic

occurs in the mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how much ATP does the priming stage of glycolysis use?

A

2 ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the key enzymes used in the priming stage of glycolysis

A

hexokinase
phosphofructokinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

hexokinase

A

removes a phosphate from ATP to make glucose-6-P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

phosphofructokinase

A

takes a P from ATP to make fructose 1,6-P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the end product of the priming stage of glycolysis?

A

2 molecules of glyceraldehyde 3-P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is important about fructose 1,6-P?

A

it is so unstable it tears itself apart into glyceraldehyde 3-P and dihydroxyacetone-P

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how many carbons are in glyceraldehyde 3-P

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the end product of the production stage of glycolysis

A

two glyceraldehyde 3-Ps are converted to two 1,3 bisphosphoglycerates, then to phosphophenolpyruvate and finally via pyruvate kinase to pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How much ATP is produced per glucose in the production stage of glycolysis

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the net gain of ATP after the production stage of glycolysis

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

How much NADH is produced during the production stage of glycolysis?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What molecules are generated during the production stage of glycolysis?

A

4 ATP
2 NADH

(note that two ATPs are used in the priming stage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What enzymes are used during the production stage of glycolysis?

A

pyruvate kinase converts phosphophenylpyruvate to pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what does -kinase mean?

A

the enzyme adds a phosphate to something

32
Q

what is the overall product of glycolysis?

A

glucose is oxidized to 2 pyruvates
- uses 2 ATP
- generates 2 net ATP and 2 NADHs

33
Q

What can happen to pyruvate after glycolysis?

A

pyruvate can be fermented anaerobically to VFAs or it can go to the krebs cycle (aerobic)

34
Q

How are NADH and FADH turned into ATP

A

they are put through the electron transport chain

35
Q

What is the overall product of the krebs cycle?

A

3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 GTP

After the ETS
12 ATP per acetyl CoA

36
Q

What is produced during the krebs cycle per ONE pyruvate

A

3 NADH
1 FADH
1 GTP
12 ATP

37
Q

what is the net amount of ATP that is produced after the krebs cycle from all preceding processes

A

38 ATP total at the end of this step

38
Q

Where is the electron transport chain located?

A

The inner membrane of the mitochondria

39
Q

What is the function of the ETC

A

synthesis of ATP
source of energy

40
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

caused by a multi enzyme complex located on the inner membrane

the inner membrane is impermeable to NAD+, NADH, ATP and ADP

this causes a proton motive force that drives ATP synthesis

41
Q

Proton motive force

A

a buildup of protons in the intermembrane space that drives ATP synthesis down a concentration gradient

42
Q

What is the main enzyme that drives ATP formation from ADP and P?

A

ATP synthase or F1F0ATPase

43
Q

How does ATP synthase make ATP

A

the flow of protons through the intermembrane space drives synthesis

44
Q

In the ETC, how many protons does NADH move?

A

10 protons

45
Q

in the ETC, how many protons does FADH move?

A

FADH moves 6 protons

46
Q

How many protons are needed in the ETC for one full turn?

A

10 protons

47
Q

How many ATP are created from one full turn during oxidative phosphorylation?

A

3 ATP

48
Q

Glucose, a 6 carbon molecule, enters the cytosol, which is anaerobic, and is oxidized to 2 ____ , yielding ___ net ATP and ___ NADH molecules

A

pyruvate, 2, 2

49
Q

Each pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria, which is an _____ environment, and is converted to 2 ______, which yields _____

A

aerobic, acetyl CoA, 2 NADH

50
Q

One acetyl CoA enters the krebs cycle at a time. For each turn of the krebs cycle, one ______ yields 3 _____, 1 _____ and 1 _____. Thus, for each molecule of glucose the krebs cycle turns _____ and yields 6______, 2 _____ and 2 _____

A

Acetyl CoA, NADH, FADH2, GTP, twice, NADH, FADH2, GTP

51
Q

_____ and _____ enter oxidative phosphorylation. _______ yields 3 ATP and ______ yields 2 ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation regenerates ______ and ______ for glycolysis and the krebs cycle

A

NADH, FADH2. NADH, FADH2. NAD, FAD

52
Q

Thus, 10 _____ from one molecule of glucose yields ____ ATP. Plus 2 ____ yields ____ ATP. Plus 4 _____ yields ____ ATP total.

A

NADH, 30. FADH, 4. ATP/GTP. 38

53
Q

glucose oxidation is ____% efficient

A

42%

54
Q

What happens to the ‘wasted’ energy in glucose oxidation?

A

heat and CO2

55
Q

pyruvate can be fermented to…

A

lactic acid

56
Q

fermentation of pyruvate serves this function

A

to regenerate NAD to continue glycolysis

57
Q

Which metabolic process causes muscle soreness?

A

when LOTS of O2 is consumed during exercise, muscles revert to fermentation, generating lactic acid, which causes muscle soreness

58
Q

How does alcohol alter metabolism?

A

Ethanol must be converted to acetaldehyde, then Acetyl CoA, using up valuable NAD. This prevents the krebs cycle from working and the acetyl coa is deposited as fat (beer belly)

59
Q

Ruminants absorb very little glucose. What is their main energy source?

A

VFAs

60
Q

How are VFAs absorbed?

A

they passively diffuse through the rumen wall

61
Q

The VFA acetate enters the krebs cycle via

A

acetyl CoA

62
Q

The VFA butyrate is converted to _______, then to ________

A

Ketones, Acetyl CoA

63
Q

the VFA propionate enters the krebs cycle via _______

A

succinyl CoA

64
Q

propionate can be converted to ________ and back to glucose

A

phosphenylpyruvate

65
Q

What is the efficiency of VFA metabolism (per VFA)

A

1 glucose = 2 acetic acids + CO2 + CH4 = 62% efficient
1 glucose = 1 butyric acid + 2 CO2 = 78% efficient
1 glucose = 2 Propionic acids + 2 H2O = 109% efficient

66
Q

Fuel sources in CHO metabolism

A

glucose, galactose, fructose - enter glycolysis

fats and proteins enter the krebs cycle

67
Q

These two organs control blood glucose levels

A

liver and pancrease (glucagon and insulin)

68
Q

Insulin is secreted from the pancreas. What does it do?

A

increases storage/uptake of glucose by cells
stimulate formation of glycogen by the liver

69
Q

Glucagon is secreted from the pancreas. What does it do?

A

increases conversion of glycogen to glucose
stimulate conversion of amino acids to glucose

70
Q

glucocorticoids and epinepherine both….

A

increase blood glucose

71
Q

20% of a liver’s weight is _______

A

glycogen

72
Q

glycogenesis

A

the production of glycogen
happens following a meal, mediated by INSULIN

73
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breaking down of glycogen
mediated by GLUCAGON

74
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

make glucose from non-carb sources
reverse glycolysis, basically
utilized most often in ruminants

75
Q

propionate is often converted to _____ in ruminants

A

glucose

Animal Nutrition exam 4 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions