Lipid Chem Revision

Question 1

lipids are present in

Answer 1

plasma, adipose tissue, cell membranes

Question 2

ex of complex/compound lipids

Answer 2

glycolipid, phospholipid (something+lipid)

Question 3

fatty acids are (2 paths) and ex

Answer 3

esterified with alcohols in oils and waxes (most)

unesterified; carried on albumin in blood as free fatty acid

Question 4

numbering types and how

Answer 4

starting from carboxyl group (COOH) = 1, 2,3 : delta @ double blond
- alpha beta gamma
starting from methyl group = omega numbering

Question 5

saturated vs unsaturated

Answer 5

saturated - no double bonds

unsaturated - 1+ double bond

Question 6

saturated types

Answer 6

Short chain (2-6)
medium chain (8-10)
long chain (12-22)
very long (24+)

Question 7

ex of chains of fatty acids

Answer 7

short chain - acetic acid = C2
butyric acid = c4

medium chain - capric acid = C10

long chain - Palmitic acid = C16
Stearic Acid = C18
Arachidic acid = C20

very long chain- Lignoceric acid = C24

Question 8

saturated fatty acids lead to

Answer 8

high cholesterol= heart disease

Question 9

unsaturated fatty acid types

Answer 9

Cis - natural, Groups at same side of double bond and allow bending of chain

trans- groups @ opposite side and linear, not natural

Question 10

melting temp of unsaturated

Answer 10

cis= low melting temp so liquid
trans= high melting temp so solid

Question 11

trans FA production and importance

Answer 11

produced from vegetable oils and marganine

high Trans = high cholesterol = heart disease

Question 12

classification of cis fa - monoenoic

Answer 12

1. Monoenoic (1 double bond)
   palmitoleic (16,1)
   oleic (18,1)
   nervonic (24,1)

lowers cholesterol = low heart diseases

Question 13

classification of cis fa - polyenoic, classified how? and types

Answer 13

according to first position of double bonds

omega 3 pufa - a linolenic acid (18, 3)
timnodonic acid (20,5)

omega 6 pufa - linoleic acid (18,2) 
arachidonic acid (20,4)

Question 14

deficiency in essential FA in adults and children

Answer 14

adults - fatty liver and steritilty

children - retardation of growth and dermatitis

Question 15

eicasonoids and derivatives of

Answer 15

c20 PUFA such as arachidonic and timnodonic

Question 16

naming of eicosanoids

Answer 16

1 and 2 letters are abbreviation
3rd is type (a, b , c)
subscript is # of double bonds

Question 17

classification of eicosanoids and ex

Answer 17

Cyclic eicosanoids (prostanoid) - prostaglandins, prostacyclin, thromboxanes

non cyclic - leukotrienes and lipoxins

Question 18

simple lipids type and explain

Answer 18

neutral fats (TAG)- FA with glycerol
oils - low melting temp
solid fats- high melting temp

waxes - long chain FA with alcohol
protective coat

Question 19

examples of waves and composed of

Answer 19

1. bee wax : esters of palmitic acid with mericyl alcohol (C30)
2. Cholesterol esters: lanolin in hair
3. Vit A retinol esters
4. vit D calciferol esters

Question 20

phosphatidic acid

Answer 20

2 FA + glycerol + phosphate (diacylglycerol phosphate)

Question 21

lecithin
cephaline
lipositol

Answer 21

phosphatidic acid + choline
phosphatidic acid + ethaolamine
phosphatidic acid + inositol

Question 22

plasmogens and associated with

Answer 22

unsaturated fatty alchohol and contains ethaolamine or choline.

associated with Alzheimers

Question 23

cardiolipins and hydrolytic product

Answer 23

2 molecules of phosphatidic acid connected by glycerol

4FA + 3 Glycerol + 2 phosphate

Question 24

phospholipase

Answer 24

phospholipase A1- @ first FA
A2 - @ second FA
C - @ phosphate
D- @ At extra

Question 25

why does snake venom cause death

Answer 25

contains lecithinase which ruins phospholipids

Question 26

sphingomyelin (what makes it up)

Answer 26

ceramide + phosphate + choline

Question 27

importance of phospholipid

Answer 27

ALPHECH

1. Arachidonic acid for on cell membrane for synthesis of eicosanoids
2. Lung surfactants
3. Platelet activating factor
4. hormone second messenger
5. emulsification
6. cell membrane and plasma lipoproteins
7. hydrotropic substances

Question 28

what is imp for lung surfactant

Answer 28

lecithin and sphinomyelin

Question 29

hormone second messenger activation of: and what acts through it?

Answer 29

activation of phospholipase C
Acts through it:
Chemical transmitters: Histamine, serotonin, acetylcholine
hormones: vasopressin
growth facgtors

Question 30

what increases fluidity and what decreases?

Answer 30

USFA increases, SFA decreases

Question 31

glycolipids are formed by and ex

Answer 31

ceramide + carb

includes: cerebrosides (ceramide +glucose/galactose)
sulfolipids ( ceramide + galactose 3 sulfate)
gangliosides (mixed)

Question 32

importance of glycolipids

Answer 32

found in:
cell membranes
myelin sheath
receptors for hormones

Question 33

enumerate sphingolipids

Answer 33

sphingomyelin and glycolipids

Question 34

choline containing lipids

Answer 34

lecithin, plasmogen, sphingomyelin

Question 35

importance of cholesterol

Answer 35

bile salts, steroid hormones, membrane fluidity

Question 36

corticoids types

Answer 36

gluco- cortisol

and mineral- aldosterone