Carb Chem Revision

Question 1

glucose furnaose and pyranose form

Answer 1

furan - between C1 and C4

pyran- between C1 and C5

Question 2

fructose furanose and pyranose form

Answer 2

furan- between C2 and C5

pyran- between C2 and C6

Question 3

sugar acids by and imp for

Answer 3

by oxidation of alcohol group to carboxyl group

CH2OH –> COOH

important for GAGs

Question 4

sugar alcohol

Answer 4

by reduction of aldehyde group to alcohol group

H-C=O –> CH2OH

Question 5

glucose and galactose sugar alcohol name

Answer 5

glucose- sorbitol

galactose- dulcitol

Question 6

reduction of ketones produce.. and example

Answer 6

two alcohols which are epimers to each other. Reduction of fructose produces sorbitol or mannitol

Question 7

amino sugars and formed by and ex

Answer 7

replacing OH at C2 with amino group

name: glucose –> glucosamine (add amine to end)

Question 8

which two derivatives of monosaccharides are important for GAGs

Answer 8

sugar acids and amino sugars

Question 9

ester formation examples

Answer 9

phosphate esters- glucose 1 phosphate and glucose 6 phosphate
sulfate esters - galactose 3 sulfate

Question 10

glycosides

Answer 10

in ring structures only.
can be with
1. another sugar (glycan)
2. non carb compound (aglycon)

Question 11

example of glycodies

Answer 11

nucleosides in DNA

Question 12

reducing disaccharides and why

Answer 12

maltose, isomaltose, lactose // have one free annomeric carbon

Question 13

non reducing disaccharide

Answer 13

sucrose

Question 14

structure of lactose

Answer 14

Beta galactose & glucose

Question 15

linkage of maltose, isomaltose and lactose

Answer 15

maltose- a 1-4 glucosidic linkage
isomaltose- a 1-6 glucosidic linkage
lactose - b 1-4 galactosidic linkage

Question 16

structure and linkage of sucrose

Answer 16

b fructofuranose and a glucopyranose

linkage - alpha 1-2 glucosidic or b 2-1 fructosidic

Question 17

glucans

Answer 17

starch , dextrin, glycogen, cellulose

Question 18

fructans

Answer 18

inulin

Question 19

starch contains and explain %, location, structure, linkage, hydrolyzed

Answer 19

Amylose                             
15%                          
inner part of starch 
linear
a 1-4 glucosidic link
hydrolyzed by amylase
to maltose then glucose

Amylopectin:
85%
outer part
branched
a 1-4 glucosidic and 1-6
hydrolyzed by amylase to maltose and isomaltose then glucose

Question 20

cellulose hydrolysis

Answer 20

by acids - glucose

by cellulase - cellobiose

Question 21

why is cellulose not digested but imp in diet

Answer 21

bc amylase can’t break it down bc it has beta linkage but it stimulated intestinal contraction which prevents constipation

Question 22

are gags branched

Answer 22

they are unbranched

Question 23

types of gags and examples

Answer 23

sulfate free
1. hyaluronic acid

sulfate containing

1. chondroitin sulfate
2. dermatan sulfate
3. keratan sulfate
4. heparin
5. heparin sulfate

Question 24

structure of GAGs and site

Answer 24

95% carb
5% protein

it is in extracellular matrix and ground substance

Question 25

importance of GAGs

Answer 25

2A 2C 2L

1. attract water by osmotic pressure into extracellular matrix by binding with cations
2. aggrecan formation
3. component of extra cellular matrix
4. compressibility of cartilage and eyeball (spongy)
5. lubricant in synovial fluid
6. limit passage of large molecules to extra cellular matrix

Question 26

aggrecan contains

Answer 26

KCH

1. keratin sulfate
2. chondroitin sulfate
3. hyaluronic acid

Question 27

GAGs charge

Answer 27

negative

Question 28

hyaluronic acid proteoglycan - hyaluronic enzyme site and function

Answer 28

spreading factor

site: bacteria and hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid to help spread of infection
site: cap of sperms to help fertilization

Question 29

dermatan sulfate proteoglycan importance

Answer 29

for maintenance and structure of eye

Question 30

keratin sulfate proteoglycan importance

Answer 30

for corneal transparency

Question 31

functions of heparin

Answer 31

anticoagulant as it binds to factor IX and XI ( 9 & 11) and activates antithrombin III

Question 32

heparin releases the enzyme

Answer 32

lipoprotein lipase which helps remove lipids from blood

that’s why heparin is called clearing factor

Question 33

proteoglycan vs glycoprotein percentage

Answer 33

proteoglycan- 95% carb and 5% protein

glycoprotein- 95% protein and 5% carb

Question 34

proteoglycan vs glycoprotein type of CHO

Answer 34

proteo- GAGs

glyco- ironic acid and repeating dissacharides