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lipid and amino acid metabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

acyl vs acetyl vs acetone

A

RC=OR
CH3C=OR
CH3C=OR

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2
Q

what is the need of shuttles

A

molecules such as NADH and acylCoA are not permeable to the mitochondrial membrane

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3
Q

the principle of. a shuttle

A

AB+C –> A + BC
BC cross
BC + A1 –? A1B + C
C cross back

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4
Q

2 types of shuttle to transport NADH into the mitochondria from the cytosol

A

AM and GP
AM = when I wake up = aspartate malate
GP= glycerol3 phosphate

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5
Q

aspartate malate shuttle

A 
aspartate - NH2---- transamination ------>  oxacloacetate
NADH splits and donates H-
oxaloacetate + H- ---->malate
malate crosses
cycle in revers
aspartate returns to cytosol
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6
Q

purpose of aspartate in the AM shuttle

A

make oxaloactate by transamination as this is what taks electron energy from NADH

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7
Q

difference between AA shuttle and FA shuttle in B oxidation

A

in AA only H- adds on

in Beta OX the whole Acyl group adds onto the carrier

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8
Q

for what is aspartate malate shuttle

A

AA degradation

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9
Q

for what is carnitate shuttle

A

ONLY B oxidation

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10
Q

what is b oxidation

A

fancy way of saying catabolysing lipids

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11
Q

how to make oxaloacetate

A

DEaminate aspartate

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12
Q

difference between AM and GP shuttle

A

AM shuttle is more efficient because it produces 1 NADH which corresponds to 3ATP
GP shuttle is less efficient because it produces 1 FADH2 which corresponds to 2ATP

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13
Q

Number of main reactants in AM and GP shuttle

not including NADH

A

AM - 3

GP - 2

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14
Q

describe Glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle

A

dihydroxyacetone +H- = G3P
G3P cross
G3P= Dihydroxyacetone + H-
H-+ NAD+= NADH

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15
Q

what is the reaction when H- energy is stored on G3P

A

dihydroxyacetone phosphate ->glycerol 3 phosphate

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16
Q

why are they called the GP and aspartate MALATE shuttle

A

the GP and MALATE cross the mitochondrial membrane

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17
Q

what is more efficient AM or GP

A

AM because NADH is produced

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18
Q

which organs/tissues use AM shuttle

A

BS!
Brain and skeletal muscle

2 most energy consuming regions of body should have most efficient shuttle

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19
Q

which organs/tissues use GP shuttle

A

rest of body

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20
Q

lipid catabolism synonym

A

B oxidation

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21
Q

B oxidation overview

A

fatty acid +AcetylcoA–>AcylCoA
CARNITATE SHUTTLE
B oxidation cycle

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22
Q

CARNITATE SHUTTLE

A

AcylCoA + carnitate =>acylcarnitate
acylcarnitate => carnitate + acyl
acyl + coA2 => AcylCoA

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23
Q

what happens to AcylcoA if B oxidation does not occur

A

ketone body formation

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24
Q

what determines if ketone bodies formed from AcylcoA or if they enter the TCA cycle?

A

fat carb balance

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25
calculate no ATPs from respiration at glycolysis
2ATP | 1 NADHx2 =6ATP
26
calculate no ATPs from respiration at link
1NADH x2 = 4 ATP
27
calculate no ATPs from respiration at Krebs
3 NADH x2= 12ATP 1 FADH2 x2= 4 ATP 1 GTP x2= 2 ATP
28
no NADH made in krebs
3
29
no FADH2made in krebs
1
30
no reduced coenzymes made in Krebs
4 - double the number of CO2 release
31
how many compounds can the AA be metabolised to?
7
32
transamination reaction type
group transfer
33
transamination general description
NH2 passes from AA to ketoacid. This forms a new veto acid and AA acid due to recombination
34
what does NH2 replace in ketoacid?
O double bonded to the C
35
what does NH2 leave in AA
O double bonded to the C
36
regenerate NAD+ for glycolsys
1 make ethanol/lacte | 2. AM/GP shutttle
37
how to get NAD+ for TCA
oxidative phosphorylation
38
conversion of dihydroxiacetaone to glycerol 3 phosphate
additionH-
39
what type of reaction is in both of the shuttle reactions
redox
40
what type of reaction is unique to which shuttle reaction
transamination of aspartate in AM shuttle
41
which membrane can the acyl carnitate cross?
mitochondrial membrane
42
type of reaction in carnitate shuttle
group transfer
43
how to remeber carnitate
carne
44
products of beta oxidation cycle
acetyl co A - enter TCA | reduced coenzymes
45
apart from AcetylcoA,what does beta oxidation produce?
reduced coenzymes
46
reduced coenzymes produced in B oxidation
FADH2 and NADH
47
number of enzymes in lipid synthesis
2
48
where does lipogenisis occur
liver or adipose tissue
49
where does lipogenisis occur
liver or adipose tissue in cytosol
50
carrier in lipogenisis
ACP ( a cows prick) ( acyl carrier protein) | the growing acyl chain is attached to this
51
coenzyme in lipogensis
NADPH (like in plants wtf)
52
what does lipogenisis start with?
acetyl co a
53
lipogensis basic pathway
Acetyl co A + COO- Malate co A Palmiatte
54
DENOVO Meaning
new
55
what elongates acyl chain on ACP
fatty acid synthase
56
lipogensis basic idea
acetylcoA --> malatecoA--> fatty acylACP--> fatty acid | hydrogenation, dehydration, carboxylation
57
what is invested at the start of B oxidation
2 x ATP
58
why is ATP invested in Beta oxidation
to join acetycoa to fatty acid
59
be wary when calculating B oxidation ATP released
2 initial ATP invested so -2
60
family of enzymes catalysing first oxidation step in fatty acid oxidation
acylcoa dehydrogenases
61
what does lipogenisis form
oxidised coenzyme, long acyl protein on ACP which gives rise to fatty acid
62
carrier in B ox
coA
63
what is a carrier
a shunt that moves molecules around
64
what joins a COO- acetylcoa
acetylcoa carboxylase
65
box vs lipogensis
AcoA vs ACP hydration vs dehydration decarboxylation vs carboxylation
66
what happens in Box cycle
the acylcoA is continually hydrated, dehydrogenated and 2 C are removed to form acetylcoA. The remnant acylco A merges with another incoming fatty acyl co a
67
transamination in AAM shuttle
GOAA
68
what catalyses joining of malate com and AcoA
Acetyl CoA carboxylase
69
what does acetylcoa malatecoa and palmitate pathway lead to making?
fatty acid
70
what is palmitate
a common fatty acid in lipogenesis pathway
71
how does AcoA enter cytosol from mitochondrial matrix
AcetylcoA cannot cross | temporarily forms citrate to cross membrane
72
what is the enzyme in the first step of beta oxidarion
acylco a dehydrogenase
73
what does beta ketothiolase do
in b oxidation cuts off the acetyl co a from the acyl co a
74
what does carnitine acyl transferase do
catalyses acyl addition and removal in the carnitine shuttle
75
when do ketone bodies occur
fasting, keto diet, starvation - low carbs
76
why do ketone bodies occur
the acetylcoa has to combine with oxaloacetate, form citrate to form citrate to enter TCA fewer carbs means less oxaloacetate, so less AcetylcoA can enter the TCA cycle ketone bodies are formed from AcetylcoA instead as an alternative way of harvesting energy
77
what precedes a ketone body
acetylcoa at end of beta oxidation cycle
78
who smells like ketone bodies
those with lots of diabetes
79
KETOGENSIS
make ketones
80
WHAT ARE Ketone bodies
alternative energy sources for body
81
where does lipogenisis occur
cytoplasm
82
where does B oxidation occur
in the mitochondria !! remember carnitine shuttle!
83
where does lipogenisis occur
cytoplasm
84
the 2 fates of acetylcoa after beta oxidation
TCA or ketones
85
how many bonds are broken from a fatty acyl co a if 8 acetyl are made
7
86
how many bonds are broken from a fatty acyl co a if 7 of each reduced coenzyme are made
7
87
how does AcetylcoA enter lipogenisis
combines to form citrate temporarily then exits mitochondrial membrane into cytoplasm
88
where are ketone bodies normally formed
liver mitochobdria
89
ketone body formation
little carbs - high glucagon - lipolysis - too may fa in blood - too much acoa and too little oxaloacetate
90
where does lipogensisi occur
liver or adipose tissue
91
normal cells vs cancer in fatty acid synthesis
in adults only fat cells or liver cells can synthesise fatty acids in cancer cells all can synthesise fatty acids
92
2 b oxidation deficinecy
MCADD or carnitate deficiency
93
MCADD
medium chain acylcoa dehydrogenase deficiency | the enzyme used for cutting off 2C off the acylcoa is too little. therefore can only get little of energy of fattty acid
94
carnitate deficiency
not enough carnitate so fatty acyl group cannot enter the mitochondria
95
which enzyme forms malate cow in fatty acid synthesis
acetylcoacarboxylase
96
amino acid metabolism overview (2)
``` 1 transamination 2 pyruvate formed 3 enter link or 1 deamination 2 NH2 becomes NH4 becomes urea 3 remainder ??? ```
97
how can you target cancer cells given that they can all synthesise fatty acids
attack acetylcoadehydrogenase or fatty acid synthase
98
WHERE DOES deamination occur
liver

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