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Cell biology > lipid and amino acid metabolism > Flashcards

lipid and amino acid metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

acyl vs acetyl vs acetone

A

RC=OR
CH3C=OR
CH3C=OR

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2
Q

what is the need of shuttles

A

molecules such as NADH and acylCoA are not permeable to the mitochondrial membrane

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3
Q

the principle of. a shuttle

A

AB+C –> A + BC
BC cross
BC + A1 –? A1B + C
C cross back

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4
Q

2 types of shuttle to transport NADH into the mitochondria from the cytosol

A

AM and GP
AM = when I wake up = aspartate malate
GP= glycerol3 phosphate

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5
Q

aspartate malate shuttle

A 
aspartate - NH2---- transamination ------>  oxacloacetate
NADH splits and donates H-
oxaloacetate + H- ---->malate
malate crosses
cycle in revers
aspartate returns to cytosol
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6
Q

purpose of aspartate in the AM shuttle

A

make oxaloactate by transamination as this is what taks electron energy from NADH

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7
Q

difference between AA shuttle and FA shuttle in B oxidation

A

in AA only H- adds on

in Beta OX the whole Acyl group adds onto the carrier

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8
Q

for what is aspartate malate shuttle

A

AA degradation

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9
Q

for what is carnitate shuttle

A

ONLY B oxidation

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10
Q

what is b oxidation

A

fancy way of saying catabolysing lipids

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11
Q

how to make oxaloacetate

A

DEaminate aspartate

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12
Q

difference between AM and GP shuttle

A

AM shuttle is more efficient because it produces 1 NADH which corresponds to 3ATP
GP shuttle is less efficient because it produces 1 FADH2 which corresponds to 2ATP

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13
Q

Number of main reactants in AM and GP shuttle

not including NADH

A

AM - 3

GP - 2

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14
Q

describe Glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle

A

dihydroxyacetone +H- = G3P
G3P cross
G3P= Dihydroxyacetone + H-
H-+ NAD+= NADH

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15
Q

what is the reaction when H- energy is stored on G3P

A

dihydroxyacetone phosphate ->glycerol 3 phosphate

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16
Q

why are they called the GP and aspartate MALATE shuttle

A

the GP and MALATE cross the mitochondrial membrane

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17
Q

what is more efficient AM or GP

A

AM because NADH is produced

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18
Q

which organs/tissues use AM shuttle

A

BS!
Brain and skeletal muscle

2 most energy consuming regions of body should have most efficient shuttle

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19
Q

which organs/tissues use GP shuttle

A

rest of body

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20
Q

lipid catabolism synonym

A

B oxidation

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21
Q

B oxidation overview

A

fatty acid +AcetylcoA–>AcylCoA
CARNITATE SHUTTLE
B oxidation cycle

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22
Q

CARNITATE SHUTTLE

A

AcylCoA + carnitate =>acylcarnitate
acylcarnitate => carnitate + acyl
acyl + coA2 => AcylCoA

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23
Q

what happens to AcylcoA if B oxidation does not occur

A

ketone body formation

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24
Q

what determines if ketone bodies formed from AcylcoA or if they enter the TCA cycle?

A

fat carb balance

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25
Q

calculate no ATPs from respiration at glycolysis

A

2ATP

1 NADHx2 =6ATP

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26
Q

calculate no ATPs from respiration at link

A

1NADH x2 = 4 ATP

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27
Q

calculate no ATPs from respiration at Krebs

A

3 NADH x2= 12ATP
1 FADH2 x2= 4 ATP
1 GTP x2= 2 ATP

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28
Q

no NADH made in krebs

A

3

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29
Q

no FADH2made in krebs

A

1

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30
Q

no reduced coenzymes made in Krebs

A

4 - double the number of CO2 release

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31
Q

how many compounds can the AA be metabolised to?

A

7

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32
Q

transamination reaction type

A

group transfer

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33
Q

transamination general description

A

NH2 passes from AA to ketoacid. This forms a new veto acid and AA acid due to recombination

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34
Q

what does NH2 replace in ketoacid?

A

O double bonded to the C

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35
Q

what does NH2 leave in AA

A

O double bonded to the C

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36
Q

regenerate NAD+ for glycolsys

A

1 make ethanol/lacte

2. AM/GP shutttle

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37
Q

how to get NAD+ for TCA

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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38
Q

conversion of dihydroxiacetaone to glycerol 3 phosphate

A

additionH-

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39
Q

what type of reaction is in both of the shuttle reactions

A

redox

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40
Q

what type of reaction is unique to which shuttle reaction

A

transamination of aspartate in AM shuttle

41
Q

which membrane can the acyl carnitate cross?

A

mitochondrial membrane

42
Q

type of reaction in carnitate shuttle

A

group transfer

43
Q

how to remeber carnitate

A

carne

44
Q

products of beta oxidation cycle

A

acetyl co A - enter TCA

reduced coenzymes

45
Q

apart from AcetylcoA,what does beta oxidation produce?

A

reduced coenzymes

46
Q

reduced coenzymes produced in B oxidation

A

FADH2 and NADH

47
Q

number of enzymes in lipid synthesis

A

2

48
Q

where does lipogenisis occur

A

liver or adipose tissue

49
Q

where does lipogenisis occur

A

liver or adipose tissue in cytosol

50
Q

carrier in lipogenisis

A

ACP ( a cows prick) ( acyl carrier protein)

the growing acyl chain is attached to this

51
Q

coenzyme in lipogensis

A

NADPH (like in plants wtf)

52
Q

what does lipogenisis start with?

A

acetyl co a

53
Q

lipogensis basic pathway

A

Acetyl co A + COO-
Malate co A
Palmiatte

54
Q

DENOVO Meaning

A

new

55
Q

what elongates acyl chain on ACP

A

fatty acid synthase

56
Q

lipogensis basic idea

A

acetylcoA –> malatecoA–> fatty acylACP–> fatty acid

hydrogenation, dehydration, carboxylation

57
Q

what is invested at the start of B oxidation

A

2 x ATP

58
Q

why is ATP invested in Beta oxidation

A

to join acetycoa to fatty acid

59
Q

be wary when calculating B oxidation ATP released

A

2 initial ATP invested so -2

60
Q

family of enzymes catalysing first oxidation step in fatty acid oxidation

A

acylcoa dehydrogenases

61
Q

what does lipogenisis form

A

oxidised coenzyme, long acyl protein on ACP which gives rise to fatty acid

62
Q

carrier in B ox

A

coA

63
Q

what is a carrier

A

a shunt that moves molecules around

64
Q

what joins a COO- acetylcoa

A

acetylcoa carboxylase

65
Q

box vs lipogensis

A

AcoA vs ACP
hydration vs dehydration
decarboxylation vs carboxylation

66
Q

what happens in Box cycle

A

the acylcoA is continually hydrated, dehydrogenated and 2 C are removed to form acetylcoA. The remnant acylco A merges with another incoming fatty acyl co a

67
Q

transamination in AAM shuttle

A

GOAA

68
Q

what catalyses joining of malate com and AcoA

A

Acetyl CoA carboxylase

69
Q

what does acetylcoa malatecoa and palmitate pathway lead to making?

A

fatty acid

70
Q

what is palmitate

A

a common fatty acid in lipogenesis pathway

71
Q

how does AcoA enter cytosol from mitochondrial matrix

A

AcetylcoA cannot cross

temporarily forms citrate to cross membrane

72
Q

what is the enzyme in the first step of beta oxidarion

A

acylco a dehydrogenase

73
Q

what does beta ketothiolase do

A

in b oxidation cuts off the acetyl co a from the acyl co a

74
Q

what does carnitine acyl transferase do

A

catalyses acyl addition and removal in the carnitine shuttle

75
Q

when do ketone bodies occur

A

fasting, keto diet, starvation - low carbs

76
Q

why do ketone bodies occur

A

the acetylcoa has to combine with oxaloacetate, form citrate to form citrate to enter TCA
fewer carbs means less oxaloacetate, so less AcetylcoA can enter the TCA cycle
ketone bodies are formed from AcetylcoA instead as an alternative way of harvesting energy

77
Q

what precedes a ketone body

A

acetylcoa at end of beta oxidation cycle

78
Q

who smells like ketone bodies

A

those with lots of diabetes

79
Q

KETOGENSIS

A

make ketones

80
Q

WHAT ARE Ketone bodies

A

alternative energy sources for body

81
Q

where does lipogenisis occur

A

cytoplasm

82
Q

where does B oxidation occur

A

in the mitochondria !! remember carnitine shuttle!

83
Q

where does lipogenisis occur

A

cytoplasm

84
Q

the 2 fates of acetylcoa after beta oxidation

A

TCA or ketones

85
Q

how many bonds are broken from a fatty acyl co a if 8 acetyl are made

A

7

86
Q

how many bonds are broken from a fatty acyl co a if 7 of each reduced coenzyme are made

A

7

87
Q

how does AcetylcoA enter lipogenisis

A

combines to form citrate temporarily then exits mitochondrial membrane into cytoplasm

88
Q

where are ketone bodies normally formed

A

liver mitochobdria

89
Q

ketone body formation

A

little carbs - high glucagon - lipolysis - too may fa in blood - too much acoa and too little oxaloacetate

90
Q

where does lipogensisi occur

A

liver or adipose tissue

91
Q

normal cells vs cancer in fatty acid synthesis

A

in adults only fat cells or liver cells can synthesise fatty acids
in cancer cells all can synthesise fatty acids

92
Q

2 b oxidation deficinecy

A

MCADD or carnitate deficiency

93
Q

MCADD

A

medium chain acylcoa dehydrogenase deficiency

the enzyme used for cutting off 2C off the acylcoa is too little. therefore can only get little of energy of fattty acid

94
Q

carnitate deficiency

A

not enough carnitate so fatty acyl group cannot enter the mitochondria

95
Q

which enzyme forms malate cow in fatty acid synthesis

A

acetylcoacarboxylase

96
Q

amino acid metabolism overview (2)

A 
1 transamination
2 pyruvate formed
3 enter link 
 or
1 deamination
2 NH2 becomes NH4 becomes urea
3 remainder ???
97
Q

how can you target cancer cells given that they can all synthesise fatty acids

A

attack acetylcoadehydrogenase or fatty acid synthase

98
Q

WHERE DOES deamination occur

A

liver

Cell biology (6 decks)

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