Cell Metabolism Flashcards
metabolism
nomral chemical reactions in body
how energy moves in metabolism pathway
Big molecules in food
Tiny molecules in cells and ATP and heat
Big molecules in body
ATP
gibbs free energy for ATP
-31
ligation requiring ATP cleavage
form a covalent bond with enegry from ATP hydrolysis
group transfer
move a FUNCRIONAL GROUP across molecules
Why called the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
Because citric acid, the 1st molecule formed has 3 COOH groups
Why is it the Citric Acid Cycle
Citric acid is the molecule formed when 4C oxaloacetate bonds to 2C acetate
protein metabolism
AA->NH4+->urea
3 parts of respiration
Glycolysis - pyruavate made adn NADH
TAC - NADH is made and substrate level phosphorylation makes ATP
Oxidative phosdphorylation - ATP and O2 is reduced to water
glucose combustion vs metabolism
high vs low Ea(s)
many vs few reactions
none vs enzymes
energy released as heat vs (heat and) ATP
high temp vs lower body temp
nucleoside triphosphate
nucleotide
nucleoside
base, sugar
nucleotide
base, sugar, phosphate
beri beri
Vitamin B deficinecy
role of Lactate Dehydrogeanse
opposite to rest of repsiration becuase process is reductive
pyruvate REDUCED into lactate
NADH->NAD+
free energy
energy stored in a system
that can be released
to do useful work
respiration vs metsabolism
onkly catabolic vs catabolic and anabolic
protein anabolism
transcription and translation
which reactions require ATP lysis
anabolic
how do anabolic reactions obey 2nd law of thermodynamics
Although entropy of system decreases, the entropy of the surroundings increases by an even bigger fsactor to give DeltaS-
which reactions release energy
catabolic
by which substance are enzymes in glycolysis inhibited
ATP
by which substance are enzymes in glycolysis activated
ADP
why are there inhibitory pathways in respiration
so you dont make too much ATP because it is too unstable due to high energy phosphoanhydride bonds
type of inhibition provided by ATP
non competitive
too small to be a substrate analogue
type of activation provided by ADP
non competitive
allosteric
non competitive
what can pyruvate be converted into, ANAEROBC?
ANAEROBIC: ethanol and CO2 by pyruvate decarboxylase
or
lactic acid by pyruvate dehydrogenase
6 metabolic reactions
HAGILO
Hydrolysis
Addition or removal of groups
Group transfer
Isomerisation
Ligation involving ATP cleavage
Oxidartion reductiion
pyruvate decarboxylase
converts pyruvate into ethanol and CO2
NADH->NAD+
what can pyruvate be converted into, AEROBIC
AEROBIC: acetate by pyrvuate dehydrogenase
number opf steps in glycolysis
1o
what is thge difference between group removal and group transfer
has group travelled between 2 molecules?
Y - GT
N - GR
group add/rem definition
when group is added it is onto a double bond
when group is removed a single bond is formed
glyc
greek for sugar
which enzyme splits fructose bishphosphate
aldose
enyme to make fructose bisphosphate
phosphofructokinase
work pout enzyme name
1 TYPE OF REACTION(S)
2 NAME OF SUBSTRATE
why is fuctose 1,6 phosphate made in glycolysis?
Unstbale compound with high free energy
symmetrical so can be split into 2 mimilar 3C molecules
which is the first commited step of glycolysis
why is phosphorylation of glucose not foirsy commited step of glycolysis
can also be used for glycogen synthesis pathway
enzymopathy
enzyme
disease
enzyme deficiency
problem with muscles stores of ATP
only enough for 1s of contraction - oo little
what does PCR system do
buffer ATP concentrations
Phosphoprylation of ADP using PI off PCr
catalysed by creatine kinase
Different systems to provide ATP in excercise
muscle store
pcr
anaerobic
aerobic
where does link reaction occur
mitochondria
acetyl coa structure
acetyl is R-C=0=R
acetyl coa has R as methyl and other R very similar to a nucleotide with sulfur
whst does brain respire
glucose
what enzyme does Vitamin B assist
pyruvate dehydrogenase to make acetate
what happens if there is no VitB
no acetate can be formed, so very little energy
