glycolysis Flashcards
what kind of reaction is glycolysis
REDOX
name 3 enzymes involved
dehydrogenases
isomerases
kinases
what substances can be phosphorylated
glucose and similar sugars
proteins
impact on phosphorylated protein
activation or inhibition
why can only some AA can be phosphorylated
have an OH group in their side chain
consequence of glucose phosphorylation
glucose can no longer leave the cell as transporters not complementary
substrate level phosphorylation
transfer of Pi to ADP to make ATP, in a coupled reaction
this needs energy, and is using energy from another reaction
oxidative phosphorylation
transfer of Pi to ADP to make ATP, using energy from the ETC
cytosol
liquid part of cytoplasm, but with no organelles or nucleus
cytoplasm
cytosol, and everything in it, eg organelles, but no nucleus
end product of glycolysis
pyruvate
big step 1,2 of glycolysis
invest ATP - to make a high energy/unstable compound
generate ATP - by splitting a high energy/ unstable compound
pyruvate dehydrogenase
aerobic resp
converts pyruvate into acetate
decarboxylation
dehydrogenation makes NADH
lactate dehydrogenase
catalyses both ways of reversible reaction
anaerobic resp
lactate to pyruvate making NADH
or
when enoiugh o2
pyruvate to lactate making NAD+
serum
blood liquid parts, and cells in blood, but no clotting factors
cancer cell adaptation
more glucose transporters
method of treating cancer cells due to more glucose transporters
radioactively labelled glucose transporters to find cancer cell location
glucose phosphorylation
add Pi to 6’ C on glucose
glycolysis general eqn
glucose+2Pi+2ATP—>2ATP+2NADH+2pyruvate
investment phase (constructive)
Phosphorylation
Isomerisation
Phosphorilation
Split
hexokinase
PHOSPHORYLATION
ATP->ADP+Pi
Adds a Pi to 6’C of glucose
Forms glucose6phosphate
phosphoglucoisomerase
ISOMERISATION
Converts Glucose6phosphate into Fructose6phosphate
phosphofructokinase
PHOSPHORYLATION
ATP->ADP+Pi
Phosphorylates Fructose6phosphate into Fructosebisphosphate
fructosebisphosphatealdolase
SPLIT
Fructosebisphosphate is split into two 3C molecules
These are glyceraldehyde3phosphate
ATP lysis cataylsed by which cofactor
Mg2+
cofactor
inorganic metal ions
never binds to AS of enzyme
REDOX reactions
coenzyme
non protein organic (otherwise would be enzymes)
often binds to AS of enzyme
REDOX reactions
why Mg2+
stabilise negative Pi charge
difference between glucose and fructose
glucose has a 5C ring and fructose has a 4C ring
Generating phase (destructive)
Oxidation
Dephosphorylation
Dephosphorilation
why is generation phase different to investment phase
Each reaction happens twice because there are two 3C glyceraldehyde3phosphates per Fructosebisphosphate
what does glyceraldehyde3phosphate dehydrogenase work with?
NAD+
Mg2+
what does NAD+ work with?
glyceraldehyde3phosphate dehydrogenase
Mg2+
glyceraldehyde3phosphate dehydrogenase
Oxidises glyceraldehyde3phosphate by removing a hydrogen
Also phosphorylates
NAD+accepts the hydrogen
phosphoglycerate kinase
transfers a Pi from 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to make ATP.
Resulting compound has one Pi - 3 phosphoglycerate
mutase
isomerase enzyme
phosphoglycerate mutase
moves Pi on 3phosphoglycerate to 2C to form phosphoglycerate
pyruvate kinase
dephosphorylation
Pi removed from 2phosphoglycerate
forms pyruvate
glucose 6 phosphate
a
fructose6phosphate
a
fructosebisphosphate
a
glyceraldehyde3phosphate
a
1,3bisphosphoglycerate
made from aldehyde compound (3phosphoglyceraldehyde) by GLYCERALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE
converted into phosphoglycerate (has coo-) by phosphoglycerate kinsase
2phosphoglycerate
a
3phosphoglycerate
pyruvate
methyl group, coo- attached to carbonyl
numebr of steps in glycolysis
describe pyruvate structure
3C ketone
methyl group
carboxylate group
how to measure cell damage
dead cells leak contents out into blood
like a wounded soldier bleeding out onto the battlefield
elevated serum levels
enzyme catalysing REDOX reaction
dehydrogenase
lactate structure
reduced version of pyruvate
ketone part of pyruvate is reduced
pathway of investmenty phase then generation phase
glucose to glucose6phosphate by hexokinase
glucose6phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate by phosphoglucose isomerase
fructose6phosphate to fructose 1,6bisphosphate by phosphofructokinase
fructosebisphosphate to 2 isomers by aldose, main isomer is glyceraldehyde3phosphate
minor isomer converted into glyceraldehyde3phosphate BY AN ISOMERASE
glyceraldehyde3phosphate** dehyrogenated into 1,3 bisphosphogylcerate by **glyceraldehyde3phosphatedehydrogenase
1,3 bisphosphoglycerate converted into 3 phosphoglycerate by phosphoglyceratekinase
3 phosphoglycerate converted into 2 phosphoglycerate by mutase
2 phosphogluycerate converted into pyruvate by pyruvate by pyruvate kinase
