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Cell biology > glycolysis > Flashcards

glycolysis Flashcards

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1
Q

what kind of reaction is glycolysis

A

REDOX

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2
Q

name 3 enzymes involved

A

dehydrogenases
isomerases
kinases

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3
Q

what substances can be phosphorylated

A

glucose and similar sugars
proteins

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4
Q

impact on phosphorylated protein

A

activation or inhibition

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5
Q

why can only some AA can be phosphorylated

A

have an OH group in their side chain

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6
Q

consequence of glucose phosphorylation

A

glucose can no longer leave the cell as transporters not complementary

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7
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

transfer of Pi to ADP to make ATP, in a coupled reaction

this needs energy, and is using energy from another reaction

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8
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

transfer of Pi to ADP to make ATP, using energy from the ETC

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9
Q

cytosol

A

liquid part of cytoplasm, but with no organelles or nucleus

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10
Q

cytoplasm

A

cytosol, and everything in it, eg organelles, but no nucleus

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11
Q

end product of glycolysis

A

pyruvate

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12
Q

big step 1,2 of glycolysis

A

invest ATP - to make a high energy/unstable compound
generate ATP - by splitting a high energy/ unstable compound

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13
Q

pyruvate dehydrogenase

A

aerobic resp

converts pyruvate into acetate

decarboxylation

dehydrogenation makes NADH

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14
Q

lactate dehydrogenase

A

catalyses both ways of reversible reaction

anaerobic resp

lactate to pyruvate making NADH

or

when enoiugh o2

pyruvate to lactate making NAD+

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15
Q

serum

A

blood liquid parts, and cells in blood, but no clotting factors

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16
Q

cancer cell adaptation

A

more glucose transporters

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17
Q

method of treating cancer cells due to more glucose transporters

A

radioactively labelled glucose transporters to find cancer cell location

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18
Q

glucose phosphorylation

A

add Pi to 6’ C on glucose

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19
Q

glycolysis general eqn

A

glucose+2Pi+2ATP—>2ATP+2NADH+2pyruvate

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20
Q

investment phase (constructive)

A

Phosphorylation
Isomerisation
Phosphorilation
Split

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21
Q

hexokinase

A

PHOSPHORYLATION

ATP->ADP+Pi
Adds a Pi to 6’C of glucose
Forms glucose6phosphate

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22
Q

phosphoglucoisomerase

A

ISOMERISATION

Converts Glucose6phosphate into Fructose6phosphate

23
Q

phosphofructokinase

A

PHOSPHORYLATION

ATP->ADP+Pi
Phosphorylates Fructose6phosphate into Fructosebisphosphate

24
Q

fructosebisphosphatealdolase

A

SPLIT

Fructosebisphosphate is split into two 3C molecules

These are glyceraldehyde3phosphate

25
Q

ATP lysis cataylsed by which cofactor

A

Mg2+

26
Q

cofactor

A

inorganic metal ions
never binds to AS of enzyme
REDOX reactions

27
Q

coenzyme

A

non protein organic (otherwise would be enzymes)
often binds to AS of enzyme
REDOX reactions

28
Q

why Mg2+

A

stabilise negative Pi charge

29
Q

difference between glucose and fructose

A

glucose has a 5C ring and fructose has a 4C ring

30
Q

Generating phase (destructive)

A

Oxidation
Dephosphorylation
Dephosphorilation

31
Q

why is generation phase different to investment phase

A

Each reaction happens twice because there are two 3C glyceraldehyde3phosphates per Fructosebisphosphate

32
Q

what does glyceraldehyde3phosphate dehydrogenase work with?

A

NAD+
Mg2+

33
Q

what does NAD+ work with?

A

glyceraldehyde3phosphate dehydrogenase
Mg2+

34
Q

glyceraldehyde3phosphate dehydrogenase

A

Oxidises glyceraldehyde3phosphate by removing a hydrogen
Also phosphorylates
NAD+accepts the hydrogen

35
Q

phosphoglycerate kinase

A

transfers a Pi from 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to make ATP.

Resulting compound has one Pi - 3 phosphoglycerate

36
Q

mutase

A

isomerase enzyme

37
Q

phosphoglycerate mutase

A

moves Pi on 3phosphoglycerate to 2C to form phosphoglycerate

38
Q

pyruvate kinase

A

dephosphorylation
Pi removed from 2phosphoglycerate
forms pyruvate

39
Q

glucose 6 phosphate

A

a

40
Q

fructose6phosphate

A

a

41
Q

fructosebisphosphate

A

a

42
Q

glyceraldehyde3phosphate

A

a

43
Q

1,3bisphosphoglycerate

A

made from aldehyde compound (3phosphoglyceraldehyde) by GLYCERALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE

converted into phosphoglycerate (has coo-) by phosphoglycerate kinsase

44
Q

2phosphoglycerate

A

a

45
Q

3phosphoglycerate

A
46
Q

pyruvate

A

methyl group, coo- attached to carbonyl

47
Q

numebr of steps in glycolysis

A
48
Q

describe pyruvate structure

A

3C ketone

methyl group

carboxylate group

49
Q

how to measure cell damage

A

dead cells leak contents out into blood

like a wounded soldier bleeding out onto the battlefield

elevated serum levels

50
Q

enzyme catalysing REDOX reaction

A

dehydrogenase

51
Q
A
52
Q

lactate structure

A

reduced version of pyruvate

ketone part of pyruvate is reduced

53
Q

pathway of investmenty phase then generation phase

A

glucose to glucose6phosphate by hexokinase

glucose6phosphate to fructose 6 phosphate by phosphoglucose isomerase

fructose6phosphate to fructose 1,6bisphosphate by phosphofructokinase

fructosebisphosphate to 2 isomers by aldose, main isomer is glyceraldehyde3phosphate

minor isomer converted into glyceraldehyde3phosphate BY AN ISOMERASE

glyceraldehyde3phosphate** dehyrogenated into 1,3 bisphosphogylcerate by **glyceraldehyde3phosphatedehydrogenase

1,3 bisphosphoglycerate converted into 3 phosphoglycerate by phosphoglyceratekinase

3 phosphoglycerate converted into 2 phosphoglycerate by mutase

2 phosphogluycerate converted into pyruvate by pyruvate by pyruvate kinase

Cell biology (6 decks)

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