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Nutrition I - Semester 2 > Lion's mane, Turkey tail, Maitake, Chaga and Cordyceps > Flashcards

Lion's mane, Turkey tail, Maitake, Chaga and Cordyceps Flashcards

1
Q

Lion’s Mane

A

Lion’s mane is a white flesh, edible fungus, noted for its lobster like flavour.
* Important constituents include beta glucans, erinacines, high protein, selenium and zinc.

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2
Q

Lion’s mane: Therapeutic uses

A

GI disorders
Nervous system disorders

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3
Q

Lion’s mane: GI disorders

A
  • Promotes regeneration of the gastric and intestinal mucosa. As a result, it is especially therapeutic in cases of: Increased intestinal permeability, inflammatory bowel disease, peptic ulcers, gastritis and GORD.
  • It also acts as a prebiotic to support the intestinal flora and can be used in cases of dysbiosis.
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4
Q

Lion’s mane: Nervous system disorders

A
  • The erinacine in Lion’s mane has a stimulatory effect on the production of nerve growth factor (NGF), a protein required in order to regenerate and repair nerve tissue.
  • Powerful anti oxidant effects.
  • Use in cases of Alzheimer’s, concussion recovery, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, peripheral neuropathies (e.g. diabetic) and general cognitive decline.
  • Nerve injuries heal progressively and often slowly over time. Longer term supplementation (months to years depending on the extent of disease) may be necessary.
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5
Q

Lion’s mane: Dosage range

A

1-6 g / day.

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6
Q

Turkey tail

A

Turkey tail is a mushroom that is found in most parts of the world and tends to grow on dead logs. The English name of the species is derived from its coloured patterns, which look similar to the tail of a turkey.
* Turkey tail is probably the most studied medicinal mushroom and its extracts are commonly used in Japan
as part of official cancer treatment protocols.
* Two polysaccharide extracts from turkey tail polysaccharide K (PSK) and polysaccharide peptide (PSP) were approved as drugs in cancer patients. In 1990, PSK accounted for 25% of drugs in cancer treatment in Japan.

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7
Q

Turkey tail: Therapeutic uses

A

Cancer
Immune-modulatory

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8
Q

Turkey tail: Cancer

A
  • Anti-proliferative, anti-metastatic and anti-angiogenic properties. It can induce apoptosis of cancer cells.
  • The anti-cancer properties are due to the action of PSK and PSP. Improves survival in some cancer cases when combined with conventional therapies and minimises side effects. It protects against mutations caused by radiotherapy.
  • It is especially indicated in hormonally driven cancers such as breast, prostate and ovarian, although it has also been used in a number of other cancer types such as oesophageal, gastric, lung, hepatic and colorectal.
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9
Q

Turkey tail: Immune-modulatory

A
  • Increases the activity of macrophages, T-lymphocytes and NK cells.
  • Has an anti viral action against viruses such as HIV, EBV, HPV and the hepatitis B virus.
  • Normalises an overactive immune system, which is especially useful in autoimmunity .
  • Studies have shown that whilst it can upregulate the immune response in immunocompromised individuals, it has no effect in those considered ‘healthy’.
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10
Q

Turkey tail: Dosage ranges

A

1-9g / day

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11
Q

Turkey tail: Side effects

A

Nausea, loss of appetite, diarrhoea.

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12
Q

Maitake

A

Maitake is often found among chestnut trees. It is crowned by the Japanese as the ‘king of mushrooms’ and is valued for its effect as a tonic and an adaptogen.
* Maitake grows mostly in Japan. The mushroom has a porous structure and is made up of brown and grey clusters of overlapping caps.
* Important constituents include beta- glucans, metalloproteins, lectins, enzymes and ergosterol.

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13
Q

Maitake: Therapeutic uses

A

Immune-regulatory
Cancer
Cardiovascualar disease
Metabolic diseases

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14
Q

Maitake: Immune-regulatory

A
  • The beta-glucans regulate the immune system causing an increase in Th1 lymphocytes . They stimulate macrophages and NK cells.
  • The fatty acids in maitake inhibit the COX-1 and COX-2 pathways, subsequently reducing inflammation .
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15
Q

Maitake: Cancer

A
  • The immune boosting effects of beta-glucans provide an anti cancer benefit.
  • Alleviates side effects of chemotherapy including loss of appetite, vomiting, hair loss and leukopenia.
  • Anti-metastatic action and inhibits tumour growth
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16
Q

Maitake: Cardiovascular disease

A
  • Contains a protease which prevents clot formation.
  • Reduces LDL cholesterol and regulates the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (normalising blood pressure).
17
Q

Maitake: Metabolic diseases

A
  • Contains a proteoglycan that improves insulin sensitivity. Useful in cases of insulin resistance especially Type 2 diabetes. It can also help to induce ovulation in polycystic ovarian syndrome.
  • Recommended for fatty liver issues due to its hypolipidemic effects.
18
Q

Maitake: Dosage range

A

3-7g / day

19
Q

Maitake: Interactions

A

Potential additive effect when combined with blood glucose lowering medications or supplements.
Monitor blood glucose to prevent hypoglycaemia.

20
Q

Chaga

A

Chaga grows mainly on birch trees in cooler climates where it develops a woody growth that has the appearance of burnt charcoal.
* The inside of the hardened clumps reveals an orange coloured, soft centre.
* Chaga has a long traditional use for certain cancers, heart disease, diabetes mellitus and to increase endurance.
* Key constituents include beta- glucans, triterpenoids and sterols including ergosterol.
* It is rich in antioxidant compounds and reduces inflammation by down regulating inflammatory mediators.

21
Q

Chaga: Therapeutic uses

A

Immunity
Cancer

22
Q

Chaga: Immunity

A
  • Acts as an immunomodulator that can support bone marrow activity and the proliferation of immune cells including T lymphocytes.
  • Anti viral activity e.g. against hepatitis C.
  • Helps to prevent ‘cytokine storms’, where the immune system over responds and damages healthy tissue.
  • The immune modulatory and anti- inflammatory actions can be used in diseases such as ulcerative colitis.
23
Q

Chaga: Cancer

A
  • Antioxidant and induces cancer cell apoptosis.
  • Offsets bone marrow suppressing effects of chemotherapy.
24
Q

Chaga: Dosage range

A

1-4g / day

25
Q

Chaga: Safety

A
  • Appears to inhibit platelet aggregation. Caution with antiplatelet medications and use before surgery is advised.
  • Safety in pregnancy and lactation has not been established.
26
Q

Cordyceps

A

Cordyceps is a fungal species that acts as a parasite in insects. It infects the insect, killing and mummifying it, then grows from the insect’s body!
* Cordyceps originated in Tibet growing at an altitude of over 3500 m, but is now cultivated elsewhere in the world.
* Important constituents include polysaccharides, cordycepin acid, nucleosides, ergosterol and sterols.
* In Traditional Chinese Medicine, it is said to support the energy stimulating capacity of the kidney, playing an important role in rejuvenation during convalescence.

27
Q

Cordyceps: Therapeutic uses

A

Kidney diseases
Liver diseases
Cardiovascular diseases
Respiratory diseases
Fatigue and concentration
Reproductive diseases
Depression

28
Q

Cordyceps: Kidney diseases

A
  • Supports renal health decreases proteinuria, improves creatine clearance and has been shown to promote regeneration of kidney tubular cells.
  • Protects kidney from damage due to immunosuppressants.
  • Stimulates the formation of erythrocytes, which is often decreased in kidney failure.
  • Traditionally used for chronic kidney disease.
29
Q

Cordyceps: Liver diseases

A
  • The cordycepin acid in cordyceps improves hepatocyte function and decreases the formation of fibrotic tissue in liver cirrhosis.
  • Improves liver function in hepatitis B and C
30
Q

Cordyceps: Cardiovascular

A
  • Contains polysaccharides with strong anti-inflammatory activity.
  • Acts as a cardiotonic helping in cases of arrythmias . In addition, it increases nitric oxide production and relaxes vascular walls (lowering BP).
  • Anti-thrombotic properties.
31
Q

Cordyceps: Respiratory diseases

A
  • Improves respiratory function in asthma , chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
  • Reduces inflammation and airway remodelling.
  • Strengthens the immune system and is anti viral.
32
Q

Cordyceps: Fatigue and concentration

A
  • Adenosine content provides extra energy, reducing fatigue . Also improves learning capacity and memory
33
Q

Cordyceps: Reproductive diseases

A
  • Enhances fertility and libido in men and women .
  • Increases testosterone production in men and can be used in cases of impotency
  • Up regulates ovarian hormone production in women, helping to regulate the menstrual cycle.
34
Q

Cordyceps: Depression

A

MAO inhibitor leading to increased dopamine and serotonin which improves mood

35
Q

Cordyceps: Dosage range

A

2-5 g / day

36
Q

Cordyceps: Safety

A
  • Immunostimulatory effects may interfere with immunosuppressant drugs.
  • Caution in hormone dependent cancers due to influence on reproductive hormones.
  • Safety in pregnancy and lactation has not been established and caution is advised due to hormonal effects.

Nutrition I - Semester 2 (55 decks)

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