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linguistics > linguistics midterm > Flashcards

linguistics midterm Flashcards

1
Q

For a system of communication to be considered a language, it must have what 4 characteristics?

A

discreteness, grammar, displacement, productivity

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2
Q

Discreteness: _________ are composed of _________ meaning __________

A

messages are composed of smaller meaning units

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3
Q

_______: A system of rules for ordering smaller __________

A

grammar: A system of rules for ordering smaller units

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4
Q

Displacement: ability to ______ to something not _________ in_____ or _______ or which perhaps doesn’t _______ at all

A

ability to refer to something not present in space or time or which perhaps doesn’t exist at all

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5
Q

Productivity: the ability to _______ and ________ any _________ of ______ ______

A

the ability to produce and understand any number of new messages

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6
Q

the scientific study of language

A

linguistics

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7
Q

refers to sounds and sound patterns

A

phonetics and phonology

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8
Q

study of word boundaries and word formation

A

morphology

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9
Q

another word for sentence structure

A

syntax

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10
Q

word and sentence meaning

A

semantics

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11
Q

speech styles and language use

A

discourse and pragmatics

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12
Q

a set of rules which describes how language should be used by speakers

A

prescriptive grammar

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13
Q

sometimes referred to as standard or prestige grammar

A

presciptive grammar

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14
Q

a set of rules which describe language and language use based on the observation of what speakers actually say

A

descriptive grammar

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15
Q

Five Stages of 1st language Acquisition

A

babbling, one-word, two-word, telegraphing (early multi-word), and multi-word (or later multi-word)

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16
Q

cooing and babbling are _______ sounds

A

prelinguistic sounds

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17
Q

The two-word stage is when?

A

18 months to 2 years

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18
Q

“Mary go” “Push truck” “Mommy sock”

A

two-word stage

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19
Q

telegraphic stage emerges at

A

2-2.5 years

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20
Q

telegraphic stage: 2-___ words with a little extra _________

A

2-5 words with a little extra morphology

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21
Q

from 5-10 years old, children are refining ______ and building ________

A

grammar, vocabulary

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22
Q

later multiword stage emerges at

A

30+ months

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23
Q

argument that says that children are not given enough quality information to learn all of the intricate aspects of language and yet they do. Children will say things they aren’t taught.

A

poverty of stimulus argument

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24
Q

factors that affect second language acquisition

A

age, aptitude, first-language literacy, and motivation

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25
Q

the system of sounds

A

phonetics

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26
Q

two main types of sounds in english

A

consonants and vowels

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27
Q

consonant sounds are described in terms of

A

place of articulation, manner of articulation, and voicing

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28
Q

vowels are described based on

A

tongue placement, tongue height, lip rounding, and tenseness

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29
Q

All vowels are made in the mouth with little or no _________ ________ and are always _______ (in English)

A

All vowels are made in the mouth with little or no airflow constriction and are always voiced (in English)

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30
Q

___________ refer to the abstract, “mental” sound in your mind (deep structure) and _________ refers to the real-world version (surface structure) of that sound once you use your vocal tract to produce it.

A

phoneme and allophone

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31
Q

Determines which consonants and vowels can be used in overall allowable patterns

A

phonotactics

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32
Q

syllables that are prominent because they are spoken with extra _____ or ______ are said to be “stressed”

A

pitch or volume

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33
Q

Some phonological rules are _______ and some are not

A

mandatory

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34
Q

_______ phonological processes must happen in order to sound like a native speaker

A

mandatory

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35
Q

phonological rules that when they occur you recognize them as a dialect or due to one person’s idiomatic use

A

optional phonological rules

36
Q

Morpheme: smallest _______ unit that can have __________ or _________ function

A

smallest linguistic unit that can have meaning or grammatical function

37
Q

morphemes can be meaning or function-based. Function morphemes have no obvious connection to a _______ ______ or reference but rather________ that applies across or between morphemes like singular/plural, possession, specificity, etc.

A

no obvious connection to a specific meaning or reference but rather information that applies across or between morphemes like singular/plural, possession, specificity, etc.

38
Q

An independent unit of meaning or function made up of one or more morphemes

A

word

39
Q

a word related to meaning or reference

A

content word

40
Q

a _______ _______ word is made up of one content morpheme

A

free content

41
Q

“A”, “the”, and “and” are examples of

A

free function words

42
Q

In English, there is no such thing as a ______-________ function word

A

multi-morpheme

43
Q

tacking a morpheme onto one or more other morphemes

A

affixation

44
Q

Affixation: A _____ plus one or more ________ _________

A

root + one or more bound morphemes

45
Q

All prefixes in English are

A

derivational

46
Q

morpheme that carries the main meaning of the word

A

root

47
Q

Bound, functional, non-root

A

inflectional

48
Q

bound, content, non-root

A

derivational

49
Q

three ways morphemes combine to make words

A

affixation, alternation, suppletion

50
Q

When part of the word is altered to show the addition of a morpheme (almost always the vowel)

A

alternation

51
Q

run + past = ran is an example of

A

alternation

52
Q

replacing the entire word to indicate the addition of a morpheme

A

suppletion

53
Q

good, better, best is an example of

A

suppletion

54
Q

A word staying the exact same but technically having a different morpheme depending on the context

A

0 morpheme

55
Q

sheep + plural = sheep is an example of

A

the 0 morpheme

56
Q

Lexical categories are also referred to as

A

syntactic categories or parts of speech

57
Q

Nouns can be _______ , _________ , and/or preceded by _______ and/or _________

A

pluralized or quantified or preceded by determiners and/or adjectives

58
Q

type of nouns that can be counted using numerals

A

count nouns

59
Q

type of nouns that can’t be counted using numbers

A

mass nouns

60
Q

type of noun that identifies a unique entity and can rarely be quantified

A

proper noun

61
Q

Main verbs are characterized by having _________, the ______ ______ _______, and the _______ _______

A

having tense, the third person singular, and the progressive morpheme

62
Q

Verbs can be put into ______ or _______ form

A

order or request

63
Q

Adjectives have the property of being in ________ or _______ form and can _______ nouns

A

comparative, superlative, and can modify nouns

64
Q

Adjectives can occur after ______ verbs

A

linking verbs (non-action verbs like is or are)

65
Q

Adjectives can be modified by __________

A

adverbs like very really or highly

66
Q

Adverbs describe ________, _________, _________, and _______

A

manner, attitude, frequency, and time

67
Q

Adverbs can modify _____ and _____ _______, ________, other ________ and _______ _________

A

modify verbs, verb phrases, adjectives, other adverbs, and whole sentences

68
Q

Adverbs that intensify adjectives and adverbs are called

A

degree words

69
Q

examples of degree words

A

very, really, too, quite, so, incredibly, uber

70
Q

__________ show emotion or exclaim something

A

interjections

71
Q

Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are
considered ________ ________ ________ because we
can make new nouns, verbs, etc.

A

open lexical categories

72
Q

Function words are considered _______ _________ _________ because they are resistant to new additions

A

closed lexical categories

73
Q

_________ specify something, often a noun or a noun adjective combination

A

determiners

74
Q

Determiners also include ________ _______ as in “my book”

A

possessive determiners

75
Q

a special class of determiners that consist of a closed set

A

quantifiers

76
Q

examples of quantifiers

A

all, each, every, both, some, few, many

77
Q

indicate location, position, or some sort of relationship

A

preposition

78
Q

type of verb that indicates tense and aspect

A

auxiliary verbs

79
Q

when something happened or hasn’t happened yet

A

tense

80
Q

whether the action is completed relative to some other time

A

aspect

81
Q

Examples of auxiliary verbs

A

has, did

82
Q

a special class of auxiliary verb that does not take tense

A

modal

83
Q

examples of modals

A

may, might, must, can, could, will, would, should, ought to, got to, gotta

84
Q

words that conjoin elements of the same category

A

conjunctions

85
Q

examples of conjunctions

A

and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet, if, because, since, although, when

86
Q

A word used to substitute for a noun

A

pronoun

87
Q

5 types of pronouns

A

subject, object, interrogative, demonstrative, possessive

linguistics (6 decks)

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