linguistics midterm

Question 1

For a system of communication to be considered a language, it must have what 4 characteristics?

Answer 1

discreteness, grammar, displacement, productivity

Question 2

Discreteness: _________ are composed of _________ meaning __________

Answer 2

messages are composed of smaller meaning units

Question 3

_______: A system of rules for ordering smaller __________

Answer 3

grammar: A system of rules for ordering smaller units

Question 4

Displacement: ability to ______ to something not _________ in_____ or _______ or which perhaps doesn’t _______ at all

Answer 4

ability to refer to something not present in space or time or which perhaps doesn’t exist at all

Question 5

Productivity: the ability to _______ and ________ any _________ of ______ ______

Answer 5

the ability to produce and understand any number of new messages

Question 6

the scientific study of language

Answer 6

linguistics

Question 7

refers to sounds and sound patterns

Answer 7

phonetics and phonology

Question 8

study of word boundaries and word formation

Answer 8

morphology

Question 9

another word for sentence structure

Answer 9

syntax

Question 10

word and sentence meaning

Answer 10

semantics

Question 11

speech styles and language use

Answer 11

discourse and pragmatics

Question 12

a set of rules which describes how language should be used by speakers

Answer 12

prescriptive grammar

Question 13

sometimes referred to as standard or prestige grammar

Answer 13

presciptive grammar

Question 14

a set of rules which describe language and language use based on the observation of what speakers actually say

Answer 14

descriptive grammar

Question 15

Five Stages of 1st language Acquisition

Answer 15

babbling, one-word, two-word, telegraphing (early multi-word), and multi-word (or later multi-word)

Question 16

cooing and babbling are _______ sounds

Answer 16

prelinguistic sounds

Question 17

The two-word stage is when?

Answer 17

18 months to 2 years

Question 18

“Mary go” “Push truck” “Mommy sock”

Answer 18

two-word stage

Question 19

telegraphic stage emerges at

Answer 19

2-2.5 years

Question 20

telegraphic stage: 2-___ words with a little extra _________

Answer 20

2-5 words with a little extra morphology

Question 21

from 5-10 years old, children are refining ______ and building ________

Answer 21

grammar, vocabulary

Question 22

later multiword stage emerges at

Answer 22

30+ months

Question 23

argument that says that children are not given enough quality information to learn all of the intricate aspects of language and yet they do. Children will say things they aren’t taught.

Answer 23

poverty of stimulus argument

Question 24

factors that affect second language acquisition

Answer 24

age, aptitude, first-language literacy, and motivation

Question 25

the system of sounds

Answer 25

phonetics

Question 26

two main types of sounds in english

Answer 26

consonants and vowels

Question 27

consonant sounds are described in terms of

Answer 27

place of articulation, manner of articulation, and voicing

Question 28

vowels are described based on

Answer 28

tongue placement, tongue height, lip rounding, and tenseness

Question 29

All vowels are made in the mouth with little or no _________ ________ and are always _______ (in English)

Answer 29

All vowels are made in the mouth with little or no airflow constriction and are always voiced (in English)

Question 30

___________ refer to the abstract, “mental” sound in your mind (deep structure) and _________ refers to the real-world version (surface structure) of that sound once you use your vocal tract to produce it.

Answer 30

phoneme and allophone

Question 31

Determines which consonants and vowels can be used in overall allowable patterns

Answer 31

phonotactics

Question 32

syllables that are prominent because they are spoken with extra _____ or ______ are said to be "stressed"

Answer 32

pitch or volume

Question 33

Some phonological rules are _______ and some are not

Answer 33

mandatory

Question 34

_______ phonological processes must happen in order to sound like a native speaker

Answer 34

mandatory

Question 35

phonological rules that when they occur you recognize them as a dialect or due to one person's idiomatic use

Answer 35

optional phonological rules

Question 36

Morpheme: smallest _______ unit that can have __________ or _________ function

Answer 36

smallest linguistic unit that can have meaning or grammatical function

Question 37

morphemes can be meaning or function-based. Function morphemes have no obvious connection to a _______ ______ or reference but rather________ that applies across or between morphemes like singular/plural, possession, specificity, etc.

Answer 37

no obvious connection to a specific meaning or reference but rather information that applies across or between morphemes like singular/plural, possession, specificity, etc.

Question 38

An independent unit of meaning or function made up of one or more morphemes

Answer 38

word

Question 39

a word related to meaning or reference

Answer 39

content word

Question 40

a _______ _______ word is made up of one content morpheme

Answer 40

free content

Question 41

"A", "the", and "and" are examples of

Answer 41

free function words

Question 42

In English, there is no such thing as a ______-________ function word

Answer 42

multi-morpheme

Question 43

tacking a morpheme onto one or more other morphemes

Answer 43

affixation

Question 44

Affixation: A _____ plus one or more ________ _________

Answer 44

root + one or more bound morphemes

Question 45

All prefixes in English are

Answer 45

derivational

Question 46

morpheme that carries the main meaning of the word

Answer 46

root

Question 47

Bound, functional, non-root

Answer 47

inflectional

Question 48

bound, content, non-root

Answer 48

derivational

Question 49

three ways morphemes combine to make words

Answer 49

affixation, alternation, suppletion

Question 50

When part of the word is altered to show the addition of a morpheme (almost always the vowel)

Answer 50

alternation

Question 51

run + past = ran is an example of

Answer 51

alternation

Question 52

replacing the entire word to indicate the addition of a morpheme

Answer 52

suppletion

Question 53

good, better, best is an example of

Answer 53

suppletion

Question 54

A word staying the exact same but technically having a different morpheme depending on the context

Answer 54

0 morpheme

Question 55

sheep + plural = sheep is an example of

Answer 55

the 0 morpheme

Question 56

Lexical categories are also referred to as

Answer 56

syntactic categories or parts of speech

Question 57

Nouns can be _______ , _________ , and/or preceded by _______ and/or _________

Answer 57

pluralized or quantified or preceded by determiners and/or adjectives

Question 58

type of nouns that can be counted using numerals

Answer 58

count nouns

Question 59

type of nouns that can't be counted using numbers

Answer 59

mass nouns

Question 60

type of noun that identifies a unique entity and can rarely be quantified

Answer 60

proper noun

Question 61

Main verbs are characterized by having _________, the ______ ______ _______, and the _______ _______

Answer 61

having tense, the third person singular, and the progressive morpheme

Question 62

Verbs can be put into ______ or _______ form

Answer 62

order or request

Question 63

Adjectives have the property of being in ________ or _______ form and can _______ nouns

Answer 63

comparative, superlative, and can modify nouns

Question 64

Adjectives can occur after ______ verbs

Answer 64

linking verbs (non-action verbs like is or are)

Question 65

Adjectives can be modified by __________

Answer 65

adverbs like very really or highly

Question 66

Adverbs describe ________, _________, _________, and _______

Answer 66

manner, attitude, frequency, and time

Question 67

Adverbs can modify _____ and _____ _______, ________, other ________ and _______ _________

Answer 67

modify verbs, verb phrases, adjectives, other adverbs, and whole sentences

Question 68

Adverbs that intensify adjectives and adverbs are called

Answer 68

degree words

Question 69

examples of degree words

Answer 69

very, really, too, quite, so, incredibly, uber

Question 70

__________ show emotion or exclaim something

Answer 70

interjections

Question 71

Nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs are considered ________ ________ ________ because we can make new nouns, verbs, etc.

Answer 71

open lexical categories

Question 72

Function words are considered _______ _________ _________ because they are resistant to new additions

Answer 72

closed lexical categories

Question 73

_________ specify something, often a noun or a noun adjective combination

Answer 73

determiners

Question 74

Determiners also include ________ _______ as in "my book"

Answer 74

possessive determiners

Question 75

a special class of determiners that consist of a closed set

Answer 75

quantifiers

Question 76

examples of quantifiers

Answer 76

all, each, every, both, some, few, many

Question 77

indicate location, position, or some sort of relationship

Answer 77

preposition

Question 78

type of verb that indicates tense and aspect

Answer 78

auxiliary verbs

Question 79

when something happened or hasn't happened yet

Answer 79

tense

Question 80

whether the action is completed relative to some other time

Answer 80

aspect

Question 81

Examples of auxiliary verbs

Answer 81

has, did

Question 82

a special class of auxiliary verb that does not take tense

Answer 82

modal

Question 83

examples of modals

Answer 83

may, might, must, can, could, will, would, should, ought to, got to, gotta

Question 84

words that conjoin elements of the same category

Answer 84

conjunctions

Question 85

examples of conjunctions

Answer 85

and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet, if, because, since, although, when

Question 86

A word used to substitute for a noun

Answer 86

pronoun

Question 87

5 types of pronouns

Answer 87

subject, object, interrogative, demonstrative, possessive