LING 110 Ch 5: Structure of Words

Question 1

A word is a …

Answer 1

… minimal free form.

Question 2

The previous definition has three components that are central:

1.
2.
3.

Answer 2

The previous definition has three components that are central:

1. form: it’s a linguistic unit
2. free: it can be used by itself
3. minimal: it is the smallest unit that can be used by itself

Question 3

A morpheme is…

Answer 3

… the smallest meaningful unit in language.

Question 4

Words can be composed of…

Answer 4

… morphemes.

Question 5

A phrase is a ______ ______ but is composed of ______ .

Answer 5

A phrase is a [free unit] but is composed of [free units, ie words] .

…

Question 6

compound words are…

Answer 6

… composed of more than one word.

Question 7

Compounds are always written without spacing.

T or F?

Answer 7

False, compounds like “hot dog” are an example of this.

Question 8

One way to diagnose a compound is through [______ ______].

Answer 8

One way to diagnose a compound is through [stress pattern].

Question 9

One spelling rule that does not affect compounds is …

Answer 9

… changing Y internally to I.

Question 10

English is a [______-timed] language.

[______] differentiates multi-syllabic words from [______].

Answer 10

English is a [stress-timed] language.

[stress] differentiates multi-syllabic words from [phrases].

Question 11

In multi-syllabic words, the [______] stress is on the first syllable and the [______] is on the second.

Answer 11

In multi-syllabic words, the [primary] stress is on the first syllable and the [secondary] is on the second.

Question 12

Examples of compounds that are not written as one word are:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 12

Examples of compounds that are not written as one word are:

1. police car
2. mouse pad
3. hard drive
4. hot dog

Question 13

A word is…

Answer 13

… what we use when we speak or write. It is an inflected form of a lexeme.

Question 14

A lexeme is …

Answer 14

… the abstract entry in our mind.

Question 15

Inflection is a process that …

Answer 15

… adds grammatical information.

Question 16

Grammatical information is such things as:

3. _____ and ______

Answer 16

Grammatical information is such things as:

1. plural
2. tense
3. comparative and superlative markers

Question 17

When we are describing degrees of something we use:

1.
2.
3.

Answer 17

When we are describing degrees of something we use:

1. positive e.g.: red
2. comparative e.g.: redder
3. superlative e.g.: reddest

Question 18

Word building rule = …

Answer 18

… Word&raquo_space; Lex + infl

Question 19

Singular rule in English is

Answer 19

Word[+sg]&raquo_space; Lex[N] + ∅

Question 20

Plural rule in English is …

Answer 20

Word[+pl]&raquo_space; Lex[N] + s

Question 21

The “present participle” is constructed with both a [______] rule and a [______] rule.

Answer 21

The “present participle” is constructed with both a [morphological] rule and a [phonological] rule.

Question 22

The “present participle” is constructed with the morphological rule and the phonological rule…

Answer 22

Word[pres part]&raquo_space; Lex[V] + ing

e + i > + i

delete +

Question 23

Inflection creates [______] but not [______].

Answer 23

Inflection creates [words] but not [lexemes].

Question 24

Derivation creates [______].

Answer 24

Derivation creates [lexemes].

Question 25

4 ways derivation occurs are: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Answer 25

4 ways derivation occurs are: 1. affixes 2. shift stress 3. conversion e.g.: repurposing 4. backformation e.g.:

Question 26

An example of derivation that uses "affixes" is:

Answer 26

e.g. un-cover

Question 27

An example of derivation that uses "stress shift" is:

Answer 27

e.g. "re"cord (V) vs re"cord" (N)

Question 28

An example of derivation that uses "conversion" is:

Answer 28

e.g. ink (N) > to ink (V) a contract | repurposing a word

Question 29

An example of derivation that uses backformation is:

Answer 29

e.g. "edit" (V) from editor(N) "wrinkle" (N) from wrinkled (PP) "refrigerate" (V) from refrigerator (N)

Question 30

Morphemes always maintain the same [______] otherwise it is not the same morpheme.

Answer 30

Morphemes always maintain the same [meaning] otherwise it is not the same morpheme.

Question 31

The 3 kinds of meaning are:

Answer 31

1. lexical 2. grammatical 3. categorical

Question 32

Lexical meaning signifies...

Answer 32

... the abstract idea.

Question 33

Grammatical meanings signifies...

Answer 33

... the inflectional meaning as required by grammar.

Question 34

Categorical meaning signifies...

Answer 34

... a morpheme like -LY that does not carry meaning but changes the category (ADJ to ADV) In English may

Question 35

The root carries the [______] meaning.

Answer 35

The root carries the [core] meaning.