LING 110 Ch 5: Structure of Words

Question 1

A word is a …

Answer 1

… minimal free form.

Question 2

The previous definition has three components that are central:

1.
2.
3.

Answer 2

The previous definition has three components that are central:

1. form: it’s a linguistic unit
2. free: it can be used by itself
3. minimal: it is the smallest unit that can be used by itself

Question 3

A morpheme is…

Answer 3

… the smallest meaningful unit in language.

Question 4

Words can be composed of…

Answer 4

… morphemes.

Question 5

A phrase is a ______ ______ but is composed of ______ .

Answer 5

A phrase is a [free unit] but is composed of [free units, ie words] .

…

Question 6

compound words are…

Answer 6

… composed of more than one word.

Question 7

Compounds are always written without spacing.

T or F?

Answer 7

False, compounds like “hot dog” are an example of this.

Question 8

One way to diagnose a compound is through [______ ______].

Answer 8

One way to diagnose a compound is through [stress pattern].

Question 9

One spelling rule that does not affect compounds is …

Answer 9

… changing Y internally to I.

Question 10

English is a [______-timed] language.

[______] differentiates multi-syllabic words from [______].

Answer 10

English is a [stress-timed] language.

[stress] differentiates multi-syllabic words from [phrases].

Question 11

In multi-syllabic words, the [______] stress is on the first syllable and the [______] is on the second.

Answer 11

In multi-syllabic words, the [primary] stress is on the first syllable and the [secondary] is on the second.

Question 12

Examples of compounds that are not written as one word are:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer 12

Examples of compounds that are not written as one word are:

1. police car
2. mouse pad
3. hard drive
4. hot dog

Question 13

A word is…

Answer 13

… what we use when we speak or write. It is an inflected form of a lexeme.

Question 14

A lexeme is …

Answer 14

… the abstract entry in our mind.

Question 15

Inflection is a process that …

Answer 15

… adds grammatical information.

Question 16

Grammatical information is such things as:

3. _____ and ______

Answer 16

Grammatical information is such things as:

1. plural
2. tense
3. comparative and superlative markers

Question 17

When we are describing degrees of something we use:

1.
2.
3.

Answer 17

When we are describing degrees of something we use:

1. positive e.g.: red
2. comparative e.g.: redder
3. superlative e.g.: reddest

Question 18

Word building rule = …

Answer 18

… Word&raquo_space; Lex + infl

Question 19

Singular rule in English is

Answer 19

Word[+sg]&raquo_space; Lex[N] + ∅

Question 20

Plural rule in English is …

Answer 20

Word[+pl]&raquo_space; Lex[N] + s

Question 21

The “present participle” is constructed with both a [______] rule and a [______] rule.

Answer 21

The “present participle” is constructed with both a [morphological] rule and a [phonological] rule.

Question 22

The “present participle” is constructed with the morphological rule and the phonological rule…

Answer 22

Word[pres part]&raquo_space; Lex[V] + ing

e + i > + i

delete +

Question 23

Inflection creates [______] but not [______].

Answer 23

Inflection creates [words] but not [lexemes].

Question 24

Derivation creates [______].

Answer 24

Derivation creates [lexemes].

Question 25

4 ways derivation occurs are:

3. 4.

Answer 25

4 ways derivation occurs are:

1. affixes
2. shift stress
3. conversion e.g.: repurposing
4. backformation e.g.:

Question 26

An example of derivation that uses “affixes” is:

Answer 26

e.g. un-cover

Question 27

An example of derivation that uses “stress shift” is:

Answer 27

e.g. “re”cord (V) vs re”cord” (N)

Question 28

An example of derivation that uses “conversion” is:

Answer 28

e.g. ink (N) > to ink (V) a contract

repurposing a word

Question 29

An example of derivation that uses backformation is:

Answer 29

e.g. “edit” (V) from editor(N)
“wrinkle” (N) from wrinkled (PP)
“refrigerate” (V) from refrigerator (N)

Question 30

Morphemes always maintain the same [______] otherwise it is not the same morpheme.

Answer 30

Morphemes always maintain the same [meaning] otherwise it is not the same morpheme.

Question 31

The 3 kinds of meaning are:

Answer 31

1. lexical
2. grammatical
3. categorical

Question 32

Lexical meaning signifies…

Answer 32

… the abstract idea.

Question 33

Grammatical meanings signifies…

Answer 33

… the inflectional meaning as required by grammar.

Question 34

Categorical meaning signifies…

Answer 34

… a morpheme like -LY that does not carry meaning but changes the category (ADJ to ADV)

In English may

Question 35

The root carries the [______] meaning.

Answer 35

The root carries the [core] meaning.