LING 110 Ch 3: Origins Flashcards
Name the first class of changes in the Germanic Consonant Shift (GCS).
voiceless stops > voiceless fricatives
The term “philology” refers to [______ and ______ ______].
The term “philology” refers to [historical and comparative linguistics].
The term “sister language” refers to languages that [______ from the same ______] and that belong to the same [______ within the ______ of ______].
The term “sister language” refers to languages that [descend from the same parent] and that belong to the same [family within the tree of languages].
e.g.: German and English are sister languages, French and Spanish, Irish & Welsh… technically speaking if most of the Indo-European languages descended from PIE then the languages within each language tree are “sisters”.
The term “acronym” is composed of [______ meaning ______] + [______ meaning ______].
The term “acronym” is composed of [“akron”] meaning “end, tip”] + [“onoma” meaning “name”].
The term “etymon” refers to the [______ ______] usually in a [______-______] and is composed of the word [______ meaning ______].
The term “etymon” refers to [original word] usually in a [proto-language] and is composed of the word [“etymos” meaning “true”].
The [______ ______] of a word in a [______] language that has descend from the etymon is called a [______].
The term [______] is composed of [______ meaning ______] + [______ meaning ______].
The [particular form] of a word in a [specific] language that has descend from the etymon is called a [reflex].
The term [reflex] is composed of [“re” meaning “back”] + [“flect” meaning “bend]. A reflex is a reflexion of the etymon.
The term “cognate” refers to words in [______ ______] that [______ from the same ______].
For example, we say that the words “mater in Latin”, “mētēr in Greek”, “matar in Sanskrit” are cognates with each other.
The term “cognate” refers to words in [different languages] that [descended from the same etymon].
For example, we say that the words “mater in Latin”, “mētēr in Greek”, “matar in Sanskrit” are cognates with each other.
Reflex is to [______] as Word is to [______].
Reflex is to [etymon] as Word is to [lexeme].
The dictionary indicates cognates using the terms [______ ______] and [______ ______].
The dictionary indicates cognates using the terms [akin to] and [more at].
The first class of changes in the GCS is that [______ ______ became [______ ______].
The first class of changes in the GCS is that [voiceless stops became voiceless fricatives].
List the 3 voiceless stops that were affected by the GCS and what they became.
[p] > [f}
[t] > [theta]
[k] > [h]
The second class of changes in the GCS is that [______ ______ became [______ ______].
The second class of changes in the GCS is that [voiced stops became voiceless stops].
List the three voiced stops that were affected by the GCS and what they became.
[b] > [p]
[d] > [t}
[g] > [k}
The third class of changes in the GCS is that became [______ ______].
The third class of changes in the GCS is that [voiced aspirates became voiced stops (non-aspirates)].
List the three voiced aspirates affected by the GCS and what they became in English.
NB: in English!
[bh] > [b]
[dh] > [d]
[gh] > [g]
In Greek, voiced aspirates became [______ ______].
List the three voiced aspirates affected by the GCS and what they became in Greek.
In Greek, voiced aspirates became [voiceless aspirates].
[bh] > [ph]
[dh] > [th]
[gh] > [kh]
In Latin, voiced aspirates became either [______ ______ or ______ ______].
List the three voiced aspirates affected by the GCS and what they became in Latin.
In Latin, voiced aspirates became either [voiceless fricatives or voiced stops].
[bh] > [f]
[dh] > [f] word initially AND
[dh] > [b] before R and U & word medially
[gh] > [h]
We describe consonants using 3 descriptors:
The first of these is [______] which describes [______ ______ ______] is affected
e.g. [______…]
We describe consonants using 3 descriptors:
The first of these is [manner] which describes [how air flow] is affected
e.g. [stop/plosives, fricatives, affricates, glides, laterals, nasals]
We describe consonants using 3 descriptors:
The second of these is [______] which describes [______] a consonant is articulated
e.g. [______…]
We describe consonants using 3 descriptors:
The second of these is [place] which describes [where] a consonant is articulated
e.g. [labial, labio-dental, inter-dental, dental, alveolar, alveo-palatal, palatal, velar, uvular]
We describe consonants using 3 descriptors:
The third of these is [______] which describes [______ the ______ is ______ or not]
e.g. [______…]
We describe consonants using 3 descriptors:
The third of these is [voicing] which describes [whether the glottis is vibrating or not]
e.g. [“th” edh is voiced while theta is not]
The term “naturalization” refers to a [______] by which a [______ ______] starts to look like a [______ ______].
The term “naturalization” refers to a [process] by which a [borrowed word] begins to look like a [native word].
Naturalization happens once a word has been in a language long enough and is evidence of [______-______ behaviour in ______ ______].
Naturalization happens once a word has been in a language long enough and is evidence of [rule-based behaviour in word formation].
The reason we do not pronounce the “p” in “psychiatrist” or “pneumonia” is that [______] does not allow [______] such as [__] or [__] [______-______].
The reason we do not pronounce the “p” in “psychiatrist” or “pneumonia” is that [English] does not allow [strings] such as [ps] or[pn] [word-initally].
When talking “stress” in English, we say English is a [______ ______] language.
When talking “stress” in English, we say English is a [stress timed] language.
Word stress in English happens on the [______-______] while in French it happens [______-______].
Word stress in English happens on the [word-initally] while in French it happens [word-finally].
We can see evidence of naturalization in words that have been borrowed from the same source but at different times.
e.g. [______ vs ______]
We can see evidence of naturalization in words that have been borrowed from the same source but at different times.
e.g. [human vs humane]
The term “akin to” means [______ ______].
The term “akin to” means [cognate with].
The root in PIE of “feather” is [______].
The root in PIE of “feather” is [*pet].
Language families:
Greek: [\_\_\_\_\_\_ ...] Germanic: [\_\_\_\_\_\_ ...] Indo-Iranian: [\_\_\_\_\_\_ ...] Celtic: [\_\_\_\_\_\_ ...] Latin: [\_\_\_\_\_\_ ...] Slavic: [\_\_\_\_\_\_ ...]
Greek:
[Greek]
Language families:
Germanic: [______ …]
Germanic:
[English (OE-ME-CE), Dutch, German, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish]
Language families:
Indo-Iranian: [______ …]
Indo-Iranian: [
Sanskrit-Hindi, Farsi]
Language families:
Celtic: [______ …]
Celtic:
[Welsch, Irish, Breton, Gaelic]
Language families:
Latin: [______ …]
Latin:
[French (OF-MF-F), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian]
Language families:
Slavic: [______ …]
Slavic:
[Russian, Polish, Slovenian, Czech]
If a word passed through [______] then it is a native English word, if it passed through [______] then it is a French word.
If a word passed through [OE] then it is a native English word, if it passed through [OF] then it is a French word.
French rules changed [g] > [] and [ey] > [].
French rules changed [g] > [y] and [ey] > [oy].
We borrowed from Greek because of it’s importance in:
- [______]
- [______]
- [______]
- [______]
While Latin came to prominence via [______].
We borrowed from Greek because of it’s importance in:
- science
- religion
- philosophy
- medicine
While Latin came to prominence via [conquest].
The term “lingua franca” refers to [______] and it’s use as a language of [______ ______].
The term “lingua franca” refers to [Latin] and it’s use as a language of [common currency].
Consider Germanic (pre-OE) borrowings and later borrowings to observe how rules die out.
L: discus, G: dish, E: disk
L: vinum, G: wine, E: vinegar
[k] > [‘sh’]
The words “nucleus, auditorium, and lens” are from [______].
The words “nucleus, auditorium, and lens” are from [Latin].
The words “menu, elite, cliché” are from [______].
The words “menu, elite, cliché” are from [French].
