LING 110 Ch 3: Origins

Question 1

Name the first class of changes in the Germanic Consonant Shift (GCS).

Answer 1

voiceless stops > voiceless fricatives

Question 2

The term “philology” refers to [______ and ______ ______].

Answer 2

The term “philology” refers to [historical and comparative linguistics].

Question 3

The term “sister language” refers to languages that [______ from the same ______] and that belong to the same [______ within the ______ of ______].

Answer 3

The term “sister language” refers to languages that [descend from the same parent] and that belong to the same [family within the tree of languages].

e.g.: German and English are sister languages, French and Spanish, Irish & Welsh… technically speaking if most of the Indo-European languages descended from PIE then the languages within each language tree are “sisters”.

Question 4

The term “acronym” is composed of [______ meaning ______] + [______ meaning ______].

Answer 4

The term “acronym” is composed of [“akron”] meaning “end, tip”] + [“onoma” meaning “name”].

Question 5

The term “etymon” refers to the [______ ______] usually in a [______-______] and is composed of the word [______ meaning ______].

Answer 5

The term “etymon” refers to [original word] usually in a [proto-language] and is composed of the word [“etymos” meaning “true”].

Question 6

The [______ ______] of a word in a [______] language that has descend from the etymon is called a [______].

The term [______] is composed of [______ meaning ______] + [______ meaning ______].

Answer 6

The [particular form] of a word in a [specific] language that has descend from the etymon is called a [reflex].

The term [reflex] is composed of [“re” meaning “back”] + [“flect” meaning “bend]. A reflex is a reflexion of the etymon.

Question 7

The term “cognate” refers to words in [______ ______] that [______ from the same ______].

For example, we say that the words “mater in Latin”, “mētēr in Greek”, “matar in Sanskrit” are cognates with each other.

Answer 7

The term “cognate” refers to words in [different languages] that [descended from the same etymon].

For example, we say that the words “mater in Latin”, “mētēr in Greek”, “matar in Sanskrit” are cognates with each other.

Question 8

Reflex is to [______] as Word is to [______].

Answer 8

Reflex is to [etymon] as Word is to [lexeme].

Question 9

The dictionary indicates cognates using the terms [______ ______] and [______ ______].

Answer 9

The dictionary indicates cognates using the terms [akin to] and [more at].

Question 10

The first class of changes in the GCS is that [______ ______ became [______ ______].

Answer 10

The first class of changes in the GCS is that [voiceless stops became voiceless fricatives].

Question 11

List the 3 voiceless stops that were affected by the GCS and what they became.

Answer 11

[p] > [f}
[t] > [theta]
[k] > [h]

Question 12

The second class of changes in the GCS is that [______ ______ became [______ ______].

Answer 12

The second class of changes in the GCS is that [voiced stops became voiceless stops].

Question 13

List the three voiced stops that were affected by the GCS and what they became.

Answer 13

[b] > [p]
[d] > [t}
[g] > [k}

Question 14

The third class of changes in the GCS is that became [______ ______].

Answer 14

The third class of changes in the GCS is that [voiced aspirates became voiced stops (non-aspirates)].

Question 15

List the three voiced aspirates affected by the GCS and what they became in English.

Answer 15

NB: in English!

[bh] > [b]
[dh] > [d]
[gh] > [g]

Question 16

In Greek, voiced aspirates became [______ ______].

List the three voiced aspirates affected by the GCS and what they became in Greek.

Answer 16

In Greek, voiced aspirates became [voiceless aspirates].

[bh] > [ph]
[dh] > [th]
[gh] > [kh]

Question 17

In Latin, voiced aspirates became either [______ ______ or ______ ______].

List the three voiced aspirates affected by the GCS and what they became in Latin.

Answer 17

In Latin, voiced aspirates became either [voiceless fricatives or voiced stops].

[bh] > [f]
[dh] > [f] word initially AND
[dh] > [b] before R and U & word medially
[gh] > [h]

Question 18

We describe consonants using 3 descriptors:

The first of these is [______] which describes [______ ______ ______] is affected

e.g. [______…]

Answer 18

We describe consonants using 3 descriptors:

The first of these is [manner] which describes [how air flow] is affected

e.g. [stop/plosives, fricatives, affricates, glides, laterals, nasals]

Question 19

We describe consonants using 3 descriptors:

The second of these is [______] which describes [______] a consonant is articulated

e.g. [______…]

Answer 19

We describe consonants using 3 descriptors:

The second of these is [place] which describes [where] a consonant is articulated

e.g. [labial, labio-dental, inter-dental, dental, alveolar, alveo-palatal, palatal, velar, uvular]

Question 20

We describe consonants using 3 descriptors:

The third of these is [______] which describes [______ the ______ is ______ or not]

e.g. [______…]

Answer 20

We describe consonants using 3 descriptors:

The third of these is [voicing] which describes [whether the glottis is vibrating or not]

e.g. [“th” edh is voiced while theta is not]

Question 21

The term “naturalization” refers to a [______] by which a [______ ______] starts to look like a [______ ______].

Answer 21

The term “naturalization” refers to a [process] by which a [borrowed word] begins to look like a [native word].

Question 22

Naturalization happens once a word has been in a language long enough and is evidence of [______-______ behaviour in ______ ______].

Answer 22

Naturalization happens once a word has been in a language long enough and is evidence of [rule-based behaviour in word formation].

Question 23

The reason we do not pronounce the “p” in “psychiatrist” or “pneumonia” is that [______] does not allow [______] such as [__] or [__] [______-______].

Answer 23

The reason we do not pronounce the “p” in “psychiatrist” or “pneumonia” is that [English] does not allow [strings] such as [ps] or[pn] [word-initally].

Question 24

When talking “stress” in English, we say English is a [______ ______] language.

Answer 24

When talking “stress” in English, we say English is a [stress timed] language.

Question 25

Word stress in English happens on the [______-______] while in French it happens [______-______].

Answer 25

Word stress in English happens on the [word-initally] while in French it happens [word-finally].

Question 26

We can see evidence of naturalization in words that have been borrowed from the same source but at different times.

e.g. [______ vs ______]

Answer 26

We can see evidence of naturalization in words that have been borrowed from the same source but at different times.

e.g. [human vs humane]

Question 27

The term “akin to” means [______ ______].

Answer 27

The term “akin to” means [cognate with].

Question 28

The root in PIE of “feather” is [______].

Answer 28

The root in PIE of “feather” is [*pet].

Question 29

Language families:

Greek: [\_\_\_\_\_\_ ...]
Germanic: [\_\_\_\_\_\_ ...]
Indo-Iranian: [\_\_\_\_\_\_ ...]
Celtic: [\_\_\_\_\_\_ ...]
Latin: [\_\_\_\_\_\_ ...]
Slavic: [\_\_\_\_\_\_ ...]

Answer 29

Greek:

[Greek]

Question 30

Language families:

Germanic: [______ …]

Answer 30

Germanic:

[English (OE-ME-CE), Dutch, German, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish]

Question 31

Language families:

Indo-Iranian: [______ …]

Answer 31

Indo-Iranian: [

Sanskrit-Hindi, Farsi]

Question 32

Language families:

Celtic: [______ …]

Answer 32

Celtic:

[Welsch, Irish, Breton, Gaelic]

Question 33

Language families:

Latin: [______ …]

Answer 33

Latin:

[French (OF-MF-F), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian]

Question 34

Language families:

Slavic: [______ …]

Answer 34

Slavic:

[Russian, Polish, Slovenian, Czech]

Question 35

If a word passed through [______] then it is a native English word, if it passed through [______] then it is a French word.

Answer 35

If a word passed through [OE] then it is a native English word, if it passed through [OF] then it is a French word.

Question 36

French rules changed [g] > [] and [ey] > [].

Answer 36

French rules changed [g] > [y] and [ey] > [oy].

Question 37

We borrowed from Greek because of it’s importance in:

1. [______]
2. [______]
3. [______]
4. [______]

While Latin came to prominence via [______].

Answer 37

We borrowed from Greek because of it’s importance in:

1. science
2. religion
3. philosophy
4. medicine

While Latin came to prominence via [conquest].

Question 38

The term “lingua franca” refers to [______] and it’s use as a language of [______ ______].

Answer 38

The term “lingua franca” refers to [Latin] and it’s use as a language of [common currency].

Question 39

Consider Germanic (pre-OE) borrowings and later borrowings to observe how rules die out.

Answer 39

L: discus, G: dish, E: disk
L: vinum, G: wine, E: vinegar

[k] > [‘sh’]

Question 40

The words “nucleus, auditorium, and lens” are from [______].

Answer 40

The words “nucleus, auditorium, and lens” are from [Latin].

Question 41

The words “menu, elite, cliché” are from [______].

Answer 41

The words “menu, elite, cliché” are from [French].