lines of defence

Question 1

1st line of defence

Answer 1

internal barriers

Question 2

internal barriers

Answer 2

Physical and chemical barriers prevent pathogens from entering the body

Question 3

Nonspecific defences

Answer 3

Do not distinguish between one invader from another
Ex. skin, mucous membranes

Question 4

2nd line of defence

Answer 4

internal non specific defenses

Question 5

internal non specific defenses

Answer 5

Once a pathogen has gotten pass the 1st line of defence

Ex, white blood cells, inflammatory response, specialized proteins

Question 6

White blood cells

Answer 6

Specialize in attacking invaders

Some ( like macrophages) destroy microorganisms through phagocytosis

WBC know what structures to attack and which to leave alone

Recognize the foreign molecules and trigger response

Question 7

Inflammatory response

Answer 7

occurs when tissue is damaged, causing swelling, redness, heat, and pain

Histamine make nearby blood vessels to expand, allows more fluid to reach the injured tissue

Question 8

what happens when the lymphatic system is activated

Answer 8

Moderate fever by stimulating phagocytosis stopping most microorganism growth

High fever is dangerous, may destroy proteins and cause damage

Question 9

Natural killer cells

Answer 9

Kill viruses infected cells

large Granular lymphocytes

not specific (have no memory)

Question 10

specialized proteins

Answer 10

attack Invaders directly or block their reproduction

Question 11

Interferon

Answer 11

produced by cells after being infected by a virus

nonspecific it is effective against many viruses

the body can only produce interferon and small amounts

Question 12

how does interferon stop viruses

Answer 12

even if infected cell dies interferon stimulates healthy cells in area to produce proteins to prevent viral reproduction

binds to receptors of non-infected cells causing them to prepare for a possible attack

Question 13

3rd line of defence

Answer 13

targeted defenses

Question 14

targeted defenses

Answer 14

First specialized defense

Question 15

What does the immune system defend against

Answer 15

Specific pathogens, cancer cells, and certain chemicals

Question 16

what must the immune system need to distinguish

Answer 16

own cells (“self”) and intruders (“non-self”)

Question 17

How does the immune system handle different intruders

Answer 17

customized responses

Question 18

difference between 3rd line of defence from the 1st and 2nd line

Answer 18

take longer to act but are more effective

Question 19

Immunity

Answer 19

body has become resistant to a pathogen that causes a specific disease

Question 20

Antigen

Answer 20

antibody generating

stimulates immune system to react

large molecule usually a protein

Question 21

where can antigens also be found

Answer 21

pathogens, foreign cells, or cancer cells

Question 22

Antibodies

Answer 22

Protein

attack specific antigens

work indirectly to destroy pathogens

Question 23

How do antibodies neutralize or destroy invaders

Answer 23

Antibodies bind to antigens, “tagging” invaders and triggering mechanisms to neutralize or destroy them.

Question 24

What additional roles do antibodies play in defense

Answer 24

prevent viruses from attaching to host cells,

activate immune chemicals to attack viral surfaces,

Question 25

phases of the antibodies mechanisms

Answer 25

specific recognition and attack phase followed by non-specific destruction phase

Question 26

Immunization

Answer 26

involves the use of vaccines

Question 27

Vaccines

Answer 27

substances that contain an antigen to which the immune system will respond

Question 28

Allergies

Answer 28

immune system mistakes hormone cells for harmful Invaders

produces antibodies to fight what it thinks are dangerous hormones

Question 29

types of allergic reactions

Answer 29

can be immediate if serious or delayed

allergy medication can sometimes prevent the onset of an allergic response

Question 30

anaphylactic shock

Answer 30

severe immediate allergy reaction

characterized by a sudden and life-threatening drop in blood pressure