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Respiratory, excretory, & immune system > Kidneys > Flashcards

Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

kidney

A

main function is osmoregulation

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2
Q

osmoregulation

A

Balances salt and water in the blood
Maintains levels of other Ions

Eg. potassium (K+), bicarbonate (HCO-), calcium (Ca+)

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3
Q

Vitamin D

A

acts like a hormone because it promotes the absorption of calcium from our digestive tract

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4
Q

erythropoietin (EPO)

A

secreted by kidneys when O2 is needed

Stimulates production of RBC

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5
Q

Metabolic wastes

A

Normal waste products made by functioning cells

Enter the blood in the capillaries in each cell

Carried to the kidneys where they are removed from the body

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6
Q

4 Functions of the kidneys

A

1) Excretion of metabolic wastes
2) Osmoregulation
3) Regulation of Acid-Base Balance
4) Secretion of hormones

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7
Q

Excretion of metabolic wastes

A

kidneys get rid of mainly nitrogenous waste like urea, ammonia, creatine, and uric acid

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8
Q

Creatine phosphate

A

stores high-energy phosphate in muscles and breaks down into creatinine for removal

Nucleotide breakdown produces uric acid, which is insoluble

Excess uric acid can form crystals in joints, causing gout.

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9
Q

Osmoregulation

A

need to reabsorb water

keeps balance of water and salt into the body

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10
Q

How is blood volume related to salts in the body

A

salts have ability to cause osmosis in the blood

Increase in salt = increase in blood volume = increase in blood pressure

kidneys also help to balance blood pressure

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11
Q

Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

A

respiratory system and kidneys regulate acid base balance in body

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12
Q

how are kidneys and blood pH related

A

Kidneys monitor and keep the blood pH around 7

excretes hydrogen and reabsorbs bicarbonate ions to monitor pH

urine usually has pH of 6 or lower because diets have acidic foods

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13
Q

Secretion of hormones

A

kidneys assist the endocrine system

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14
Q

renal capsule

A

tough tissue covering kidneys

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15
Q

hilium

A

lower side of concave side of each kidney

This is where renal artery enters and renal vein exits

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16
Q

Adrenal Glands

17
Q

renin

A

regulates blood pressure and helps keep water and sodium

Renin is an enzyme that leads to the secretion of the hormone aldosterone

18
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Outer portion of the adrenal glands

19
Q

Nephron

A

Area of the kidneys that remove waste

Each nephron has its own blood supply (from renal vein and artery)

20
Q

Bowman capsule (glomerular capsule)

A

Cup like structure

Allows for passage of small molecules
Eg. amino acids, water, glucose, salt, urea

21
Q

where are glomerulus found

A

Found inside nephrons

Knot of capillaries

Made of capillaries intertwined with tubles

22
Q

glomerulus

A

Act as a sieve to filter out waste products which keep normal protein and cells in the bloodstream

23
Q

2 portions of blood in glomerulus

A

1) Filterable blood components (water, nitrogenous wastes, nutrients, salts)

2) Non- filterable blood components (blood cells, platelets, plasma proteins)

24
Q

Renal artery

A

Branches off from aorta

Brings blood full of waste into kidneys

25
Q

Afferent

A

going towards

26
Q

Efferent

A

going away

27
Q

Pathway of blood in kidneys

A

Renal artery → arteries → afferent arterioles → glomerulus → efferent arteriole capillaries → venule → renal vein

28
Q

why does afferent arteriole have a larger diameter

A

increase blood pressure in the bowman’s capsule

29
Q

Renal vein

A

Removes filtered blood from kidneys and take it to the inferior vena cava

Venules join to form small veins, which form the renal vein

30
Q

3 Regions of the kidney

A

1) Renal cortex
2) Renal medulla
3) Renal pelvis

31
Q

Renal cortex

A

outer region

mainly made up of nephrons

Bowman capsule is found here

32
Q

Renal medulla

A

middle region

collection area

empties in the renal pelvis

33
Q

Renal pelvis

A

inner region

receives urine from the nephrons

connects to the ureter

34
Q

3 Steps to waste removal in the kidneys

A

1) Glomerular filtrations
2) Tubular reabsorption
3) Tubular secretion

35
Q

Glomerular filtrations

A

occur in glomerulus

fluids forced out of capillary walls because of pressure of blood entering kidneys

36
Q

filtrate

A

made of water, glucose, amino acids, salt, and urea

our bodies want to save nutrients (not pee them out)

37
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

the nutrients that go back into the blood (sugar, nutrients, salts)

passively and actively reabsorbed from nephron into blood of capillaries

38
Q

how does water and nutrients move during tubular reabsorption

A

water moves by osmosis and nutrients move by diffusion

39
Q

Tubular secretion

A

2nd filtering process

kidneys remove more things out of blood (filter it again) and adds them to what is left

once secretion is finish the filtrate is called urine

Respiratory, excretory, & immune system (7 decks)

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