Lines 365-417 Flashcards
‘mercatique solum, facti de nomine Byrsam’
… and bought land, as much as they could enclose with the hide
Ellipsis (leaving out of) of ‘sunt’ after ‘mercati’
Byrsa
name of the walled citadel and probably comes from the Akkadian word ‘birtu’.
Birtu was misunderstood as the Greek word ‘Bursa’ meaning a Bull’s hide, hence the story that the arrivals, granted as much land as a bull’s hide would enclose, cut it up into very thin strips and enclosed a huge area.
‘possent’
as they could
subjunctive
refers to what the natives said which was indefinite.
‘Sed vos qui tandem, quibus aut venistis ab oris,
quove tenetis iter?’
But who then (are you)? Or from what shores do you come?
What course do you take?
Venus asks questions knowing full well what the answers are – all part of her disguise.
It would be off for her not to question a “stranger” in this way as in the ancient world there are specific rituals associated with meeting people (known as xenia).
‘O dea, si prima repetens ab origine pergam,’
O goddess, if going right back to the start I might proceed at the beginning….
Continues referring to her as a goddess.
His comments about the length of his story are justified – Virgil uses the whole of Books 2-3 for him to recount his tale to Dido.
‘annalis’
story
An anachronistic term meaning the annals/yearly register of events.
It might be being used deliberately to convey a slight weariness on Aeneas part.
Vesper
The evening star.
Olympus
The heavens
‘ante diem clauso componat Vesper Olympo.’
…Before then Vesper would have shut day away within closed Olympus.
Aeneas is speaking to a god which might explain his ethereal tone.
‘Componat’
would have shut
Indicative is used rather than the subjunctive to convey greater certainty.
‘Italiam quaero patriam…’
I seek my country Italy
Venus explains in Book 3 that the Trojan ancestor Dardanus was originally from Italy and was also a son of Jupiter – hence Aeneas is returning the Trojans to their homeland.
The Trojan’s Italian heritage becomes important later when he forms various alliances with Italian leaders.
Phrygia
The Trojan region to the centre and west of Asia Minor
‘ab Iove summo’
born of Jupiter on High
Aeneas is Jupiter’s grandson
‘matre dea’
his mother, a goddess
requires divine intervention to fulfil his destiny
“Quisquis es, HAUD, credo, invisus caelestibus auras
vitalis carpis, Tyriam QUI adveneris urbem.”
Whoever you are I believe you don’t draw the breath of life
while hated by the gods, since you have reached a city of Tyre.
- Venus briefly ignores Aeneas’ identification of himself.
- positioning of ‘haud’ is emphatic, and taken with ‘invisus’ rather than ‘credo’.
- ‘qui’ is casual, and therefore uses the subjunctive ‘adveneris’.
‘perge’
carry on
Emphatic imperative.
Not a suggestion.
Duplicated on line 401
‘Namque tibi reduces socios classemque relatam’
for I announce to you that your friends are restored…
This is an indirect statement.
no ‘est’ (ellipsis), so it is harder to identify.
Augury symbol of Venus
Swan
Augury symbol of Jupiter
Eagle
Augury
Common Roman technique of deciphering bird movement as prophecy.
‘Aspice bis senos laetantis agmine cycnos’
See, those twelve swans rejoicing in a line
Relate to the number of lost ships
7 survived, just one was destroyed belonging to Orontes
‘ut reduces illi ludunt stridentibus alis,
et coetu cinxere polum, cantusque dedere’
As, returning, they play about with screeching wings,
and in a crowd they circle the zenith, and give their song
‘ut’ introduces the comparison here.
The scattered and then ordered arrangement of the birds directly relates to Aeneas’ ships after the storm.
‘rosea cervice’, ‘odorem’, ‘vestis defluxit’, ‘incessu’
rose tinted neck, divine perfume, robes flowed, her step
These are the different ways that Aeneas recognises his mother.
Ambrosia
Ambrosia is the perfume/food of the gods, referenced previously in Homer’s Iliad.
Gods are often recognised by their fragrance, especially when they are trying to disguise themselves.
‘dea. ille’
goddess. when…
Hiatus after goddess.
Unusual. Makes you linger on it.
Highlights Aeneas astonishment?
'ille ubi matrem' when he (recognised) his mother
Emphatic placement of ‘matrem’ at end of line.
Personal relationship.
‘totiens’
so often
shows that Aeneas is clearly used to this sort of treatment from his mother.
‘Cur dextrae iungere dextram
non datur’
why am i not allowed to join hand with hand?
- The joining of hands has greater significance in the ancient world than a simple handshake does now.
- The offering of a right hand in particular showed warmth and high-esteem.
- Aeneas uses the gesture when he greets his men and also his father (in the underworld).
- Perhaps Venus rejects this because she is the goddess of sex, not love; or because she is protecting herself from the pain of possibly losing her son.
- This is UNHOMERIC.
‘at Venus obscuro gradientes aere saepsit’
But Venus veiled them with a dark mist as they walked
Homeric immitation
- Odysseus in Odyssey Book 7 sets off for a city surrounded in mist from Athena.
‘et multo nebulae circum dea fudit amictu’
and the goddess spread a thick cloak of cloud around them
An example of Tmesis.
Homeric immitation.
‘circum…fudit’
tmesis
The separation of parts of a compound word by an intervening word or words, used mainly in informal speech for emphasis.
‘laeta’
with delight
Gods adore adoration- She is both happy to be back where she is loved, and believes that she has done a great thing for her son.
‘cernere ne quis eos, neu quis contingere posset,
molirive moram, aut veniendi poscere causas.’
so that no one could see them, OR was able to touch them,
OR cause a delay, OR ask them where they were going.
Anaphora of ‘or’
She is trying to justify what she’s doing now because she feels guilty about her previous (in)actions
sabean incense
Frankincense from Sheba (south-western Arabia)
‘sedesque revisit
laeta suas’
And returns to her home
literally = seat
synecdoche
