Limiting Factors

Question 1

Hip Flexion

Answer 1

Contact with thigh on abdominal wall

Tension in opposing muscles (extensors)

Question 2

Hip Extension

Answer 2

Iliofemoral ligament (particularly the medial band)
Pubofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments
Tension in opposing muscles (flexors)

Question 3

Hip Abduction

Answer 3

Pubofemoral ligament
Iliofemoral ligament (medial band)
Inferior joint capsule is stretched
Tension in opposing muscles (adductors)

Question 4

Hip Adduction

Answer 4

Iliofemoral ligament (lateral band)
Ischiofemoral ligament
Tension in opposing muscles (abductors)

Question 5

Hip Medial Rotation

Answer 5

Ischiofemoral ligament

Tension in opposing muscles (lat.rot)

Question 6

Hip Lateral Rotation

Answer 6

Iliofemoral ligament
Pubofemoral ligament
Tension in opposing muscles (med.rot)

Question 7

Knee Flexion

Answer 7

Contact of calf with posterior thigh

Question 8

Knee Extension

Answer 8

All ligaments are taut (MCL, LCL, ACL, PCL)

Extent and shape of articular surfaces

Question 9

Knee Medial Rotation

Answer 9

Crucifer ligaments are taut (particularly PCL)

Question 10

Knee Lateral Rotation

Answer 10

Crucial ligaments are taut (particularly ACL)

Question 11

Dorsiflexion of ankle/foot

Answer 11

Tension in gastrocnemius, soleus, deltoid ligament (posterior tibiotalar band) and calcaneofibular ligament.
Posterior part of capsule
Extent of articular surfaces
Wedging of talus between both malleoli

Question 12

Plantarflexion of ankle/foot

Answer 12

Tension in anterior crucial muscles, deltoid ligaments (anterior tibiotalar and tibionavicular bands) and calcaneofibular ligament (anterior talofibular ligament).
Anterior part of capsule.
Wedging of talus between both malleoli

Question 13

Inversion of ankle/foot

Answer 13

Tension in opposing muscles (everters : peroneus longus and brevis)

Question 14

Eversion of the ankle/foot

Answer 14

Tension in opposing muscles (inverters: tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior)
Extent of articular surfaces
Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament

Question 15

Flexion of MTP joint

Answer 15

Tension in opposing muscles (extensors: ext. hall/digi. longus, lumbricals)
Digital extensor tendons
Collateral ligaments tense

Question 16

Extension of MTP joint

Answer 16

Tension in opposing muscles (tib.ant., ext.hall/digi. long., peroneus tertius.)
Digital flexor tendons

Question 17

Abduction of MTP joint

Answer 17

Toe in toe webs
Plantar interossei?
Adductor hallucis

Question 18

Flexion of IP joint

Answer 18

Tension in opposing muscle groups (must name)
Digital extensor tendons
Collateral ligaments tense

Question 19

Extension of IP joint

Answer 19

Tension in opposing muscle groups (must name)

Digital flexor tendons

Question 20

Flexion of lumbar spine

Answer 20

Stretched ligaments (posterior long., interspinous, supraspinous ligaments.)
Intervertebral disc (post. part stretched and compressed ant. part)

Question 21

Extension of lumbar spine

Answer 21

Stretched ligaments (anterior long. ligament)
Intervertebral disc (ant. part stretched, post. part compressed)
Approximation of joint surfaces posteriorally.

Question 22

Lateral Rotation of lumbar spine

Answer 22

Stretched ligaments on opp. side (intertransverse lig., ligamentum flavum)
Approximation of joint surfaces on same side
Intervertebral disc (stretched on opp. side and compressed on same side)

Question 23

Axial rotation

Answer 23

Ligaments in both sides (opp. to side of movement)