limbic system + basal ganglia diseases(dr driscoll) Flashcards
(25 cards)
what causes parkinsons
death of neurons in substantia nigra (cant produce dopamine)
how many ppl have parkinsons in usa
1 million
symptoms of parkinsons (5)
- hypokinesia (less movement)
- bradykinesia (slow movement)
- difficulty starting/stopping movements
- resting tremor
- muscle rigidity
treatements for parkinsons
- L-dopa
- DBS (deep brain stimulation) targeting GPi and/or STN
dbs works well when surgury goes well but also wares off in effectivness as time goes on (kills cells)
what causes/is huntingtons disease
genetic disease that effects basal ganglia (specifically GABA + enkephilon)
LOTS of ‘loosing bids’ getting through thalamus (cant inhibit unwanted actions)
symptoms of huntingtons
- cant inhibit unwanted movement (constantly moving/cant stop moving) aka athetosis (slow, rythmic, writhing behaviors)
- chorea/chorieform movement (dance-like movement)
dammage to STN from stroke causes
hemibalism (random throwing/thrashing of limbs, usualy arm)
procedural (muscle) memory (def)
motor memmory engrained through practice, unconcious memories (mediated by basal ganglia NOT hippocampus)
what general system controls implicit/non-concious things
limbic system
what makes up the limbic system (8ish)
- singulate gyrus
- intralimbic gyrus
- fornix + inner arc
- hippocampus
- amygdala
- stria terminalis
- bed nucleus of stria terminalis (anxiety)
- habenula
what makes up the limbic gyrus (2)
singulate gyrus and amygdala
what makes up the intralimbic gyrus (2)
stria terminalis and indusium griseum,
what did paul ekman think
facial expressions were the same accross all cultures/groups of people
where/what structures become particuarly active when ostrasized/socially rejected
dACC, subACC, and interior insula
7 main emotions
- anger
- contempt
- discust
- fear
- happiness
- sadness
- suprise
folk psychology/general population theory of emotion and how/when they occurr
- stimulus (bang!)
- perception/interpretation (danger)
- emotion experienced (fear)
- pattern of autonomic arousal (heart racing, etc.)
james/lang theory of emotion and how/when they occur
- stimulus (bang!)
- perception/interpretation (danger)
- pattern of autonomic arousal (heart racing, etc.)
- emotion experienced (fear)
cannon/bard theory of emotion and how/when they occur
- stimulus (bang!)
- perception/interpretation (danger)
simultaniously:
3. general autonomic arousal (heart races, etc>)
4. particular emotion experienced (fear)
schachter’s cognitive theory of emotion and how/when they occur
- stimulus (bang!)
- perception/interpretation combining the stimuli and the context
- general autonomic arousal (heart races, etc.) and particular emotion experienced (fear)
- feedback loop to perception/interpretation for future reference
what structures were included in the papez ciruit (4)
neocortex
singulate gyrus, hippocampus, hypothalamus, anterior nucli of the thalamus
who coined the term ‘limbic system’ and what else did they do
maclean
also added the amygdala to the papez circuit
when there are low levels of limbic arousal, emotion BLANK
emotion plays an ADVISORY ROLE, helping us make decisions (not making the decision)
when there are middle levels of limbic arousal, conflict can arise between BLANK
conflict can arise between lower emotional brain structures and higher cognitive regions (cortex)
when there are high levels of limbic arousal, subcortical brain regions can BLANK
subcortical brain regions can overrun higher cognitive regions (cortex), making a person feel out of control and leads to poor decision making
