brodman's areas (from dr. maloney)

Question 1

how many neurons in cortex (ish)

Answer 1

~20 billion

Question 2

what mass percentage does the cortex take up (including white matter)

Answer 2

~80% A LOT OF CONNECTIONS

Question 3

how many neurons in cerebellum

Answer 3

~100 billion

Question 4

how many synapses in cortex

Answer 4

~140 trillion

Question 5

about how many synapses per cortical neuron

Answer 5

~7000 synapses

Question 6

brodman’s area 38 (name + function)

Answer 6

temporal pole:

• semantic representation
• emotion
• associated with limbic system

Question 7

brodman’s area 13 (name + function)

Answer 7

insular cortex:

• emotional perception of senses (especially taste)
• discust
• homostatic emotions (hunger, thirst, etc)
• interception and sense of self
• miscellaneous motor + sensory processing

Question 8

brodman’s areas 3,1, and 2 (name + function)

Answer 8

somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus):

• as you move posterior, somatosensory info is processed along w/visual info (somatosensory association cortex)
• has a somatosensory map (humunculus) in an ‘upside down’ orientation

Question 9

posterior parietal lobe (areas included + function)

Answer 9

overall: involved in processing space + attention

supramarginal gyrus: processing other people’s bodies/emotions

angular gyrus: processing visual + rythmic aspects of language

Question 10

lesions in the posterior parietal lobe lead to BLANK

Answer 10

spacial problems + hemi-neglect on contralateral side of body

Question 11

brodman’s areas 4 + 6 (name + functions)

Answer 11

motor cortex (precentral gyrus):

primary motor cortex: voluntary control of movement through corticospinal neurons

secondary motor cortex: action planing and some speech production

Question 12

what is one of the key target areas for brain machine interfaces (and what do they do?)

Answer 12

motor cortex (brodman’s areas 4 + 6)

stimulate electrical activity in the brain/read electrical activity in the brain and translate it into mechanical movement (woman being able to drink coffee from mug w/straw for first time since paralysis)

Question 13

broca’s area (function)

Answer 13

speach production

Question 14

wernicke’s area (function)

Answer 14

speech comprehension

Question 15

prefrontal cortex (function)

Answer 15

executive function(s):

• working memory
• cognitive flexibility
• inhibitory control
• attention control

Question 16

how many lobotomies were performed in the us

Answer 16

~40,000

Question 17

“where” pathway (of visual info)

Answer 17

DORSAL pathway (up)

motion, motor action (ex. V5 motion cortex)

Question 18

“what” pathway (of visual info)

Answer 18

VENTRAL pathway (down + accross)

recognition, awareness (ex. fusiform face complex)

Question 19

lobotomy definition

Answer 19

old procedure performed by a few doctors in which they would cut lesions/damage the prefrontal cortex of usualy women or gay men in order to “fix” their personality etc

Question 20

explain (briefly) steps of working memory/neuromodulation in prefrontal cortex

Answer 20

1. activity from sensory association areas (cortex) triggers a response
2. RECURRENT ACTIVATION keeps neurons firing while task remains in memory (ex. remembering a set of numbers)
3. ultimately triggers an output to motor systems

Question 21

what is the theory around the prefrontal cortex, neuromodulation, and CREATIVITY?

Answer 21

dopamine + norepi control flow of information based on individual spine modulation:

dopamine: antagonistic to individual spines (increasing dop amounts = blocks weakest connections)

norepi: low levels activate spines (enabling connections), but high levels inactivate spines (inverted U).

why? thought to allow cortex to shut off in stressful situations (ex. getting attacked by lion) or to conserve energy when tired (ex. we make less good decisions when tired)

Question 22

are cortical association areas 1-1? as in does each brain area just do one thing?

Answer 22

NOOOOOOOOOO FALSE