Limbic System Flashcards
The ___________ is transition zone between hippocampus and temporal neocortex.
Entorhinal Cortex
The __________is the first area of the brain to be affected in Alzheimer’s disease
entorhinal cortex
What is an important function of the entorhinal cortex?
Declarative memories and in particular spatial memories including memory formation, memory consolidation, and memory optimization in sleep.
What are the structures of the limbic system?
- Amygdala
- Entorhinal cortex
- Hippocampal formation
- Cingulate gyrus & cingulum
- Hypothalamus
- Thalamus
- Septum
The ________occupies the interval between the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus
dentate gyrus
The ___________ is the part of the parahippocampal gyrus that is in direct continuity with the hippocampus.
subiculum
What are the three structures of the hippocampul formation?
Dentate gyrus
Subiculum
Hippocampus
The ____________is thought to contribute to the formation of new episodic memories, the spontaneous exploration of novel environments, and other functions.
dentate gyrus
What is the primary input to the hippocampal formation?
Entorhinal cortex to dentate gyrus
What are the layers of the hippocampus?
- outer molecular layer
- middle pyramidal layer
- inferior and inner polymorphic layer (CA1, CA2, CA3, &CA 4 (cornu Ammonis)
CA1 is very important because that is the area that is sending impulses when there is _________
toxicity
•CA3- involved in ________ and __________.
learning and memory
Most hippocampal neurons are pyramidal cells. So where do these cells project and get input from? Which thalamic areas?
Medial dorsal and lateral dorsal nucleus
Increased excitability during altered chemical state on repeated stimulation of synapses is known as __________.
long-term potentiation.
What are the three pathways of hippocampal formation?
Perforant pathway: Subiculum to the dentate gyrus
Mossy fiber pathway: Dentate gyrus to CA3
Schaffer’s collaterals: CA3 to CA1
Which brain structures are involved in memory and in what way?
Prefrontal cortex
- Memory involved in the sequence of events but the not the events themselves
Amygdala
- Encodes the emotional aspects of memories
Medial Temporal Lobe
- Coverts new memories to long term memories
Hippocampus
- Coverts new memories to long term memories
Cerebellum
- Memories involved in movement
What are the types of long-term memory?
Declarative: things that you know
- Episodic
- Semantic
Non- declarative: things that you know and can show by doing
- Conditioning
- Priming
- Skill learning
Why do we forget?
Encoding failure
in Korsakoff’s syndrome, brain damage occurs where?
In the mammillary bodies and basal frontal lobes
What are the hallmarks of Korsakoff’s syndrome?
- B1 (thiamine) deficiency
- Chronic alcoholism
- Confabulation
- Anterograde amnesia
What are the basic emotions?
Happiness
Rage
Fear
Disgust
Sadness
Surprise
Contempt
Admiration
Jealosy
What NTs are involved in emotions?
- Serotonin
- Dopamine
- Glutamate
- AcH hormones
*This is a mechanism via feed-forward
What are the inputs and output of the cingulate gyrus?
Inputs from: thalamus and the neocortex
Outputs to: entorhinal cortex via cingulum.
What are the functions of the cingulate gyrus?
- Emotion formation &processing
- Memory-learning
- Related to pain sensory
