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SF2- Exam 4 > Limbic System > Flashcards

Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

The ___________ is transition zone between hippocampus and temporal neocortex.

A

Entorhinal Cortex

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2
Q

The __________is the first area of the brain to be affected in Alzheimer’s disease

A

entorhinal cortex

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3
Q

What is an important function of the entorhinal cortex?

A

Declarative memories and in particular spatial memories including memory formation, memory consolidation, and memory optimization in sleep.

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4
Q

What are the structures of the limbic system?

A
  • Amygdala
  • Entorhinal cortex
  • Hippocampal formation
  • Cingulate gyrus & cingulum
  • Hypothalamus
  • Thalamus
  • Septum
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5
Q

The ________occupies the interval between the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus

A

dentate gyrus

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6
Q

The ___________ is the part of the parahippocampal gyrus that is in direct continuity with the hippocampus.

A

subiculum

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7
Q

What are the three structures of the hippocampul formation?

A

Dentate gyrus

Subiculum

Hippocampus

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8
Q

The ____________is thought to contribute to the formation of new episodic memories, the spontaneous exploration of novel environments, and other functions.

A

dentate gyrus

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9
Q

What is the primary input to the hippocampal formation?

A

Entorhinal cortex to dentate gyrus

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10
Q

What are the layers of the hippocampus?

A
  • outer molecular layer
  • middle pyramidal layer
  • inferior and inner polymorphic layer (CA1, CA2, CA3, &CA 4 (cornu Ammonis)
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11
Q

CA1 is very important because that is the area that is sending impulses when there is _________

A

toxicity

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12
Q

•CA3- involved in ________ and __________.

A

learning and memory

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13
Q

Most hippocampal neurons are pyramidal cells. So where do these cells project and get input from? Which thalamic areas?

A

Medial dorsal and lateral dorsal nucleus

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14
Q

Increased excitability during altered chemical state on repeated stimulation of synapses is known as __________.

A

long-term potentiation.

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15
Q

What are the three pathways of hippocampal formation?

A

Perforant pathway: Subiculum to the dentate gyrus

Mossy fiber pathway: Dentate gyrus to CA3

Schaffer’s collaterals: CA3 to CA1

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16
Q

Which brain structures are involved in memory and in what way?

A

Prefrontal cortex

  • Memory involved in the sequence of events but the not the events themselves

Amygdala

  • Encodes the emotional aspects of memories

Medial Temporal Lobe

  • Coverts new memories to long term memories

Hippocampus

  • Coverts new memories to long term memories

Cerebellum

  • Memories involved in movement
17
Q

What are the types of long-term memory?

A

Declarative: things that you know

  • Episodic
  • Semantic

Non- declarative: things that you know and can show by doing

  • Conditioning
  • Priming
  • Skill learning
18
Q

Why do we forget?

A

Encoding failure

19
Q

in Korsakoff’s syndrome, brain damage occurs where?

A

In the mammillary bodies and basal frontal lobes

20
Q

What are the hallmarks of Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A
  • B1 (thiamine) deficiency
  • Chronic alcoholism
  • Confabulation
  • Anterograde amnesia
21
Q

What are the basic emotions?

A

Happiness

Rage

Fear

Disgust

Sadness

Surprise

Contempt

Admiration

Jealosy

22
Q

What NTs are involved in emotions?

A
  • Serotonin
  • Dopamine
  • Glutamate
  • AcH hormones

*This is a mechanism via feed-forward

23
Q

What are the inputs and output of the cingulate gyrus?

A

Inputs from: thalamus and the neocortex

Outputs to: entorhinal cortex via cingulum.

24
Q

What are the functions of the cingulate gyrus?

A
  • Emotion formation &processing
  • Memory-learning
  • Related to pain sensory
25
Q

Which disorders are related to damage to the cingulate gyrus?

A

Depression and dementia

26
Q

•Periadueductal gray area is important for periphery pathways of __________

A

pain.

27
Q

Where are mirror cells located?

A

Insula and anterior cingulate gyrus

28
Q

What are the functions of the anterior and middle components of the cirgulate gyrus?

A

Anterior

  • Stores valenced
  • Memories
  • Regulates ANS

Middle

  • Resolves conflict
  • Regulates skeletomotor output
29
Q

What is valence?

A

Positive or negative response to objects or events

30
Q

Label

A
31
Q

The amygdala has 3 nuclear components. What are they and what is the function of each?

A

A. Basolateral – attaching emotional significance to a stimulus.

B. Central Nucleus – mediates emotional responses.

C.Corticomedial nuclei – mediates behaviors triggered by olfactory stimuli.

32
Q

Schizophrenia is a problem with which part of the brain?

A

prefrontal cortex

33
Q

What are the symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Positive Symptoms

  • Delusions
  • Hallucinations
  • Disorganization
  • Catatonia

Negative Symptoms

  • Affective flattening
  • Anhedonia
  • Alogia
  • Avolition
  • Social withdrawal
34
Q

Damage to which part of the brain results in Kluver- Bucy syndrome?

A

Bilateral loss of the tips of the temporal lobe

35
Q

What are the symptoms of Kulver-Bucy syndrome?

A

psychic blindness,

oral tendencies,

hypermetamorphosis,

altered sexual behaviour,

emotional changes.

36
Q

Stroke/tumors to Hypothalamus __________can produce Sham Rage

A

PAG

*Fully integrated rage without external control

37
Q
A

SF2- Exam 4 (21 decks)

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