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SF2- Exam 4 > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

The basal ganglia is important _______ and __________ voluntary motor functions.

A

initiating and stopping

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2
Q

What are two major disorders caused by diseases of the basal ganglia? What are examples of each?

A

Hypokinetic Disorders (eg., Parkinson’s disease)

  • bradykinesia (akinesia)
  • rigidity

Hyperkinetic Disorders (eg., Huntington’s chorea)

  • dyskinesia (dystonia)
  • hypotonia
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3
Q

When the cholinergic system within the basal ganglia have too much relative to dopamine, you lose dopamine in the basal ganglia. Losing dopamine means the cholinergic system has too much relative activity. This is represented in a ___________disorder

A

hypokinetic

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4
Q

If the dopaminergic system is overly active compared to the cholinergic system. This is represented in a _________ disorder

A

hyperkinetic

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5
Q

Drugs that block the _________ system were a major way to treat Parkinson’s disease

A

cholinergic

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6
Q

Basal ganglia is part of the deep nuclei of the cerebral cortex. It is embedded in the __________ (white/gray) matter

A

white

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7
Q

_________ +__________= striatum

A

Caudate; putamen

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8
Q

Label

A
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9
Q

Label

A
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10
Q

What are the two parts of the substantia nigra? Which neurotransmitters are located in each part?

A

Sunstantia nigra compacta- Dopamine

Substantia nigra reticulata- GABA

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11
Q

Crus cerebri is the massive fiber tract going form the cortex to the ________ and __________.

A

pons and spinal cord

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12
Q

With a ___________ stain you can see the two parts of the substantia nigra

A

Nissl

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13
Q

Label

A
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14
Q

The inputs and outputs of the of the basal ganlia go through different nuclei. What are they?

A

Inputs

  • Caudate
  • Putamen

Outputs

  • Substantia nigra
  • Globus pallidas, internal segment
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15
Q

What three structures does the striatum receive input from?

A
  • Essentially all areas o the cortex
    • Glutaminergic
    • Excitatory
  • Substantia nigra
    • Dopaminergic
  • Thalamus, interlaminar nuclei
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16
Q

The putamen and the caudate both make up the striatum but they receive inputs from different areas. How do they differ?

A

Putamen

  • Motor cortex
  • Premotor cortex
  • Somatosensory cortex

Caudate

  • Frontal eye fields
  • Associational cortex
    • Between the motor and sensory areas
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17
Q

Medium spiny neurons make up 90% of _________cells. Whata re some characteristics of these neurons?

A

striatal

Medium spiny neurons

  • GABA-nergic (inhibitory)
  • projection cells
  • low spontaneous activity

*Needs input

18
Q

What to structures receive striatum output?

A
  • Internal segment of the globus pallidus
  • Pars reticulata of the substantia nigra
19
Q

Like the striatum, the internal capsule (IC) divides the output of the basal ganglia into 2 nuclei:

A

Like the striatum, the internal capsule (IC) divides the output of the basal ganglia into 2 nuclei:

20
Q

Large ________neurons make up the globus pallidus and substantia nigra, pars reticularis. What are the characteristics of these neurons? What is the significance of this?

A

aspiny

Characteristics

  1. have a relatively high rate of spontaneous activity
  2. are GABA-nergic (ie., inhibitory)
  3. are projection neurons

*This is why the thalamus is tonically inhibitted

21
Q

Remember globus pallidus projects to ____________neurons, because of the high level of activity there is a lot of GABA release, leading to tonic inhibition of thalamic neuron. This quiets the thalamic neuron

A

thalamocortical

22
Q

A pulse of corticostriatal input results in:

A

1) striatal excitation
2) pallidal inhibition
3) thalamic disinhibition

23
Q

In Huntington’s disease, the ________degenerates as evident by enlargement of the __________.

A

striatum; lateral ventricle

NOTE: The caudate nucleus is extremely vulnerable

24
Q

Chorea

A

Chorea describes individual, brief, purposeless, nonrepetitive jerks of muscles

•Rhythmic, slow moving

*More centered to the caudate

25
Q

Athetosis

A

Slow, writhing, continuous, wormlike movements of the distal extremities.

Difficult to differentiate from chorea

26
Q

Athetosis is thought to be involved in degeneration of the ___________.

A

Putamen

27
Q

Hemiballism usually occurs when?

A

After a cerebral vascular incident

*occurs on the opposite side of the lesion

28
Q

Vascular lesions of the ___________ are thought to produce hemiballism

A

subthalamus

29
Q

Which pathway is the subthalamus apart of?

A

The indirect pathway

30
Q

Globus pallidus externis synapse in the _____________

A

subthalamus

*Globus pallidus has large aspiny neurons that are GABAnergic, which leads to inhibition of the subthalamus

31
Q

Subthalamus is excitatory and projects to the ___________ and __________.

A

globus pallidus internis and substantia nigra

32
Q

Rest tremor

A

Tremor ameliorated with purposeful movement

33
Q
A
34
Q

Dopamine from the substantia nigra pars ___________ modulates the neural activity in the striatum.

A

compacta (SNc)

35
Q

The dopaminergic input into the ‘direct’ pathway is mediated by ________ receptors and is ___________.

The dopaminergic input into the ‘indirect’ pathway is mediated by ______ receptors and is ___________.

A

D1; excitatory

D2; inhibitory

36
Q

The presence of D2 agonist will result in __________

A

Hyperkinesia

37
Q

The presence of D1 antagonist will result in __________

A

Hypokinesia

38
Q

What are the three major symptoms of parkinson’s disease?

A
  • Resting tremor
  • Rigidity
  • Bradykinesia, which progresses to akinesia
39
Q

What are the 4 basic strategies for treating Parkinson’s disease?

A
  • L-dopa (replacement) therapy
  • stereotaxic lesions of the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi, pallidotomy)
  • deep brain stimulation of GPi or subthalamus (in clinical trial stage)
  • brain transplant (no comment)
40
Q

Does L-Dopa stop the disease process?

A

No!

*It only works as long as you still have neurons

41
Q

Using stereotaxic coordinates, an electrode can be position in the __________which then can be electrolytically lesioned.

A

globus pallidus

SF2- Exam 4 (21 decks)

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