Limbic system

Question 1

what is responsible for behavior, planning, decision making, and social behavior

Answer 1

prefrontal cortex

Question 2

damage to what structure can cause infantile personality

Answer 2

prefrontal cortex

Question 3

a collection of structures that control emotion

Answer 3

limbic system

Question 4

what structures control limbic system

Answer 4

PATCH HO

prefrontal cortex
amygdala
thalamus
cingulate gyrus
hypothalamus

hippocampus
olfactory connections

Question 5

damage to what structure will cause anterograde amnesia

Answer 5

hippocampus

Question 6

what structure is important in memory consolidation/short-term memory

Answer 6

hippocampus

Question 7

stimulation of amygdala can cause

Answer 7

anxiety
anger
violence

Question 8

depression of amygdala can cause

Answer 8

hyperorality
hypersexuality
decreased inhibition
reckless behavior

Question 9

the amygdala has output to what 2 structures

Answer 9

hypothalamus
prefrontal cortex

Question 10

what structure regulates the autonomic nervous system

Answer 10

hypothalamus

Question 11

what structure regulates pain and emotion

Answer 11

cingulate gyrus

Question 12

what structure drives conscious response to negative experiences

Answer 12

cingulate gyrus

Question 13

where does the tuberoinfundibular pathway originate and where does it send signals through

Answer 13

originates in hypothalamus and sends signals through infundibulum to pituitary gland

Question 14

dopamine inhibits the release of prolactin via what receptors

Answer 14

D2 receptors

Question 15

what cells are involved in the inhibition of prolactin

Answer 15

pituitary lactotroph cells

Question 16

where does the nigrostriatal pathway originate and where does it project

Answer 16

originates in substantia nigra and projects to caudate and putamen

Question 17

collection of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain

Answer 17

ventral tegmental area

Question 18

where is the ventral Tegmental area POSITIONED

Answer 18

between substantia nigra

Question 19

the ventral tegmental area gives rise to what 2 pathways

Answer 19

mesolimbic
mesocortical

Question 20

what are the components of the mesocortical pathway

Answer 20

ventral tegmental area
prefrontal cortex
cingulate gyrus

Question 21

when does the mesocortical pathway mature

Answer 21

adolescence/young adulthood

Question 22

amphetamines can increase dopamine in the mesocortical pathway which has what effect on cognition

Answer 22

amphetamines –> increased cognition

Question 23

where does the mesocortical pathway originate and where does it project

Answer 23

mesocortical pathway originates in the ventral tegmental area and projects to the prefrontal cortex

Question 24

which pathway is referred to as the “reward pathway”

Answer 24

mesolimbic pathway

Question 25

where does the mesolimbic pathway originate in where does it project

Answer 25

mesolimbic pathway originates in the ventral Tegmental area and projects to the nucleus accumbens

Question 26

what are the components of the mesolimbic system

Answer 26

ventral tegmental area nucleus accumbens limbic system - connects this pathway with amygdala and hippocampus

Question 27

which substances directly increased dopamine

Answer 27

amphetamines cocaine nicotine

Question 28

which substances indirectly increase dopamine

Answer 28

opiates alcohol

Question 29

which causes a greater release of dopamine: expected or unexpected reward

Answer 29

unexpected reward causes greater release of dopamine

Question 30

quality of being noticeable or important

Answer 30

salience

Question 31

in which pathway do we experience euphoria or 'the high'

Answer 31

mesolimbic pathway

Question 32

what part of our memory is reduced in times of stress? what pathway is this implicated in?

Answer 32

working memory mesocortical pathway

Question 33

negative symptoms in schizophrenia are due to

Answer 33

mesocortical dysfunction

Question 34

positive symptoms in schizophrenia are due to

Answer 34

overstimulation of mesolimbic pathway

Question 35

what is the primary event in schizophrenia

Answer 35

mesocortical damage

Question 36

people with schizophrenia have loss of what type of memory

Answer 36

working memory

Question 37

are NMDA receptors hyper functioning or hypo functioning in schizophrenia

Answer 37

NMDA receptors are hypo functioning in schizophrenia

Question 38

what are the primary receptors implicated in schizophrenia

Answer 38

5-HT2 subtypes

Question 39

dopamine binding to nicotine receptors has what effect

Answer 39

enhances auditory sensory gating --> reduced auditory hallucinations

Question 40

the volume of what structure is reduced in patients with MDD

Answer 40

hippocampus

Question 41

what 3 NT are decreased in MDD

Answer 41

serotonin norepinephrine dopamine

Question 42

serotonin mnemonic

Answer 42

SER sleep emotion remember

Question 43

norepinephrine mnemonic

Answer 43

NOR no hesitation on alert recall memory cognitive alertness

Question 44

dopamine mnemonic

Answer 44

DOP determination obsession pleasure

Question 45

we have overactivity of what NT in autism

Answer 45

glutamate

Question 46

what have decreased of what NT in autism

Answer 46

GABA

Question 47

removal of debris and dead neurons

Answer 47

pruning

Question 48

we see overgrowth of what structures in autism

Answer 48

cerebrum cerebellum limbic system

Question 49

what very specific structure in the limbic system is overgrown in autism

Answer 49

amygdala