Basal ganglia

Question 1

pyramidal tracts consist of what type of motor neurons

Answer 1

upper

Question 2

pyramidal tracts synapse on what type of motor neurons

Answer 2

lower

Question 3

what tracts are in pyramidal tracts

Answer 3

corticospinal
corticobulbar

Question 4

what tracts do not pass through pyramids of medulla

Answer 4

extrapyramidal

Question 5

extrapyramidal tracts are controlled by what structures

Answer 5

corpus striatum
basal ganglia
red nuclei
reticular formation
thalamus

Question 6

extrapyramidal symptoms are often caused by disruption of what NT

Answer 6

dopamine

Question 7

extrapyramidal symptoms are commonly due to

Answer 7

disease
antipsychotic medication

Question 8

involuntary spasms of large muscle groups

Answer 8

dystonia

Question 9

restlessness

Answer 9

akathisia

Question 10

symptoms related to iatrogenic loss of dopamine in the brain

Answer 10

parkinsonism

Question 11

involuntary movements - commonly involving orofacial muscles

Answer 11

tardive dyskinesia

Question 12

paralysis, paresis, hyperreflexia, and spasticity are examples of

Answer 12

pyramidal symptoms

Question 13

akathisia, athetosis, ballismus, chorea, dystonia, myoclonus, stereotypy, tic, and tremor are examples of

Answer 13

extrapyramidal symptoms

Question 14

basal ganglia function

Answer 14

fine tuning movements
posture and stability
regulates muscle tone

Question 15

direct pathway causes excitation of what structure

Answer 15

thalamus

Question 16

indirect pathways causes inhibition of what structure

Answer 16

thalamus

Question 17

dopamine and effect on direct pathway

Answer 17

excitation

Question 18

dopamine and effect on indirect pathway

Answer 18

inhibition

Question 19

acetylcholine and effect on direct pathway

Answer 19

inhibition

Question 20

acetylcholine and effect on indirect pathway

Answer 20

excitation

Question 21

major inhibitory NT in basal ganglia

Answer 21

GABA

Question 22

major excitatory NT in basal ganglia

Answer 22

glutamate

Question 23

In Parkinsons, we see selective dopaminergic loss in

Answer 23

substantia nigra

Question 24

what structure causes changes in sleep pattern and may contribute to behavior symptoms

Answer 24

medulla

Question 25

what may be first symptom of Parkinson's

Answer 25

loss of sense of smell

Question 26

in what structure do we see change in serotonergic neurons in parkinson's

Answer 26

raphe nucleus

Question 27

in what structure do we see changes in noradrenergic neurons

Answer 27

locus coeruleus

Question 28

will we see hypotension or hypertension in PD

Answer 28

hypotension

Question 29

macroscopic changes in AD

Answer 29

decreased volume wide sulci thin gyri enlarged ventricles

Question 30

chorea is caused by damage to what structure

Answer 30

D2 receptors in striatum

Question 31

ballism is caused by damage to what structure

Answer 31

sub thalamic nuclei

Question 32

athetosis is caused by damage to what structure

Answer 32

putamen

Question 33

rapid, large-amplitude proximal movements, "flinging"

Answer 33

ballism

Question 34

slow, involuntary, writhing movements

Answer 34

athetosis

Question 35

sudden, brief shocklike movements

Answer 35

myoclonus

Question 36

brief, paroxysmal movements or vocalization

Answer 36

tic

Question 37

glutamate is released from what 2 structures in the dopamine pathway

Answer 37

cortex subthalamic nuclei