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Limbic Flashcards

1
Q

Limbic system functions include

A

Homeostasis
Olfaction
Memory
Emotion and Drive

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2
Q

Where is the hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

Forms walls and floor of 3rd ventricle

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3
Q

Components of the hypothalamus

A

Many important nu
Tuber cinereum
Mammillary bodies
Infundibulum

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4
Q

Function of the hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis by way of endocrine (pituitary gland) autonomic and limbic control

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5
Q

What structures send information to the hypothalamus for homeostasis

A

Solitary Nu.
Reticular formation and SC
Retinal pathways

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6
Q

What info does the solitary nu. Send to the hypothalamus

A

Visceral info from vagus n on BP/HR and gut distention

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7
Q

What information do the reticular formation and sc send to the hypothalamus

A

Thermoregulation

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8
Q

Damage to the anterior hypothalamus would result in what (in relation to thermoregulation)? Why?

A

Hyperthermia

Anterior hypothalamus detects increases in body temp to activate mechanisms of heat dissipation

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9
Q

The ____________ hypothalamus detects decreases in body temp and activates mechanisms of heat conservation

A

Posterior hypothalamus

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10
Q

What type of information do the retinal pathways send to the hypothalamus?

A

Input of day/night > circadian rhythm

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11
Q

What nucleus of the hypothalamus regulates circadian rhythms? By input of what?

A 
Suprachiasmatic nu (SCN)
From retinal ganglion cells (photosensitivity)
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12
Q

When the hypothalamus gets told that it is DAYTIME what does it do?

A

The posterior hypothalamic nu contain glutamatergic, histaminergic, and orexin neurons that contribute to arousal

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13
Q

Damage to the posterior hypothalamic nu will cause

A

Hypersomnia

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14
Q

Damage to the SCN (suprachiasmatic nu) will result in

A

Insomnia

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15
Q

What does the hypothalamus do in response to being told that it is NIGHTTIME

A

The SCN projects to other nuclei and pineal gland to modulate body temp and release hormones for sleep (cortisol and melatonin)

Anterior hypothalamus sends inhibitory projections to RAS of reticular formation

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16
Q

The limbic system send what information to the hypothalamus

A

Stimulate/inhibit hunger/thirst
Reproductive behavior
Emotional influence on autonomic pathways (bidirectional)
Homeostatic control on immune regulation (bidirectional)

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17
Q

What information do the circumventricular organs send to the hypothalamus?

A

changes in osmolarity and when toxins enter the brain

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18
Q

Damage to the lateral hypothalamus will result in what (limbic system)? Why?

A

Weight loss because lateral hypothalamus stimulates hunger/thirst

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19
Q

Damage to the medial hypothalamus will result in what (limbic system)? Why?

A

Obesity because it inhibits hunger/thirst

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20
Q

What systems does the hypothalamus send information to?

A

Autonomic
Endocrine
Limbic

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21
Q

What information does the hypothalamus send to the autonomic system?

A

Projections to parasympathetic and sympathetic systems to control HR, vasoconstriction, digestion, sweating etc

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22
Q

What information does the hypothalamus send to the limbic system?

A

Reciprocal connections that further impact autonomic and endocrine function

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23
Q

The hypothalamus communicates with the hippocampus and amygdala to

A

Attach memory and emotion

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24
Q

Function of the anterior pituitary

A

It contains glandular cells that synthesize and release a variety of hormones into circulation

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25
Q

Function of the posterior pituitary

A

Contains axons and terminals of neurons whose cell bodies are in hypothalamus

Also release hormones into circulation

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26
Q

What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary

A 
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
GH
Prolactin
TSH
LH
FSH
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27
Q

Function of the Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex for corticosteroid synthesis >maintain BP, electrolyte balance, promote glucose mobilization

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28
Q

Function of GH

A

Increased growth of long bones and other tissues

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29
Q

Prolactin function

A

Stimulate mammillary glands for breast milk production

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30
Q

TSH function

A

Produce T3 and T4 and promote cellular metabolism

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31
Q

LH function

A

Regulate ovarian hormones

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32
Q

FSH function

A

Regulate testicular hormones

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33
Q

Release of anterior pituitary hormones is controlled by

A

Hypothalamus

34
Q

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin and vasopressin

35
Q

Function of oxytocin

A

Smooth muscle contraction and plays a roll in compassion and social bonding

36
Q

Function of vasopressin

A

Promotes water retention by kidneys

Regulates BP

37
Q

Hormones released by posterior pituitary are made by

A

The hypothalamus

38
Q

Primary olfaction cortex is a combination of

A

Piriform cortex and periamygdaloid cortex

39
Q

Where does olfactory information go to integrate smell and memory

A

Entorhinal cortex
Perirhinal cortex
Parahippocampal cortex

40
Q

What does the orbitofrontal olfactory area do?

A

Smell discrimination

41
Q

What does the amygdala do with olfactory info

A

Integrate smell with emotion and motivation

42
Q

Memory lasting a second or less is considered …..

where is it stored

A

Attention or registration

Brainstem-diencephalon connections
Frontoparietal ass. Cort.
Uni- hetero- modal ass. Cort.

43
Q

Working memory lasts how long…

Where is it stored

A

Seconds-minutes
Frontal association Cort.
Uni- hetero- modal ass. Cort.

44
Q

Consolidation memory lasts how long…..

Where is it stored

A

Medial temporal and diencephalic structures

Uni-hetero- modal association cortices

45
Q

Declarative/explicit memory includes

A

Facts and events

46
Q

Nondeclarative/implicit memory includes

A

Skills/habits
Priming
Simple classical conditioning
Nonassociative learning

47
Q

Medial temporal lobe memory areas include

A

Hippocampus formation
Parahippocampal gyrus
Perirhinal cortex

48
Q

Medial diencephalic memory areas include

A

Mediodorsal and anterior nu of thalamus (additional thalami nu play smaller rolls as well)
Mammillary bodies of hypothalamus

49
Q

Hippocampus formation is made of

A

Dentate gyrus
Hippocampus
Subiculum

50
Q

The hippocampal formation is a major center for components of

A

Long-term memory

51
Q

Parahippocampal gyrus includes

A

Entorhinal cortex (rostral) and Parahippocampal cortex (caudal)

52
Q

Parahippocampal gyrus function

A

Memory encoding and retrieval

53
Q

Perirhinal cortex function

A

Facilitates the recognition and identification of environmental stimuli

54
Q

Medial temporal lobe structures receive input from…

A

Heteromodal association cortex via entorhinal cortex
Contralateral hippocampus via hippocampal commissars
Basal forebrain and septal nu

55
Q

The basal forebrain and septal nu send cholinergic (ACH) projections to medial temporal lobe memory structures for..

A 
Neuromodulatior effect (neuron excitability and synaptic plasticity)
Hippocampal theta rhythm
56
Q

Medial temporal lobe memory structures send output to

A

Heteromodal association cortex via entorhinal cortex

Medial diencephalic structures

  • mediodorsal nu via inferior thalami peduncle
  • thalamus, hypothalamus ext. via fornix
57
Q

The medial temporal lobe memory structures send into to the mediodorsal nucleus for what functions

A

Working memory

Executive function and memory

58
Q

What is working memory

A

Holding concept briefly in awareness while a mental operation is performed

59
Q

The fornix connects the hippocampus with variety of subcortical regions, including

A

Mammillary bodies of hypothalamus
Anterior nu of thalamus
Septal nu (bidirectional)

60
Q

What effect does the septal nu have

A

Modulatory

61
Q

Temporal poles have strong connections with…

A

Hippocampus, amygdala, and orbital prefrontal cortex

62
Q

The left temporal pole function

A

Semantic memory

Meanings, names, general impersonal facts

63
Q

Overall function of the temporal poles

A

Social and emotional processing

64
Q

Right temporal pole function

A

Personal and episodic memories

Closely associated with emotion and socially relevant memories

65
Q

Main structure involved with emotion and drive

A

Amygdala

66
Q

Amygdala function

A

Attracting emotional significance to various stimuli perceived by association cortices

67
Q

The amygdala receives input from

A

All senses and visceral inputs

68
Q

The amygdala regulation of emotion and drive is a complex, ____________ connection with __________&_________ areas

A

Bidirectional

Cortical and subcortical

69
Q

What structures connect for appetitive states (emotional and motivational aspects of smell)

A

Amygdala, olfactory system and hypothalamus

70
Q

What structures process fear to trigger “fight or flight” via autonomic control

A

Amygdala, hypothalamus and brainstem

71
Q

Connections between amygdala and the hypothalamus are __________ and between Amygdala and brainstem are ___________

A

Bidirectional

Efferent from amygdala

72
Q

Amygdala is connected to the mediodorsal nu of the thalamus for…

A

“Fear reflex”

Emotional learning > projections to hippocampus

73
Q

The amygdala is connected to the limbic cortex and hypothalamus for..

A

Neuroendocrinological modulation (changes in different emotional states)

74
Q

What connection to the amygdala is involved with olfaction, emotion, and forming new memories?

A

Uncus

75
Q

What connection to the amygdala deals with emotional aspects of memory, especially the fear-inducing events

A

Hippocampal formation

76
Q

What connections to the amygdala process rewarding/pleasurable experiences

A

Septal nu and basal forebrain

77
Q

Function of the connection between amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex

A

Decision making and emotion (identify poor/good choices)

Modulation of bodily changes associated with emotion

78
Q

Dense interconnections with amygdala and hypothalamus describes

A

Anterior cingulate cortex

79
Q

Function of anterior cingulate cortex

A

Regulation of affect
Assigning emotion to internal and eternal stim/
Making vocalizations associated with expression of states or desires
Regulates autonomic and endocrine responses, pain perception, and selection, and initiation of motor movements

80
Q

Posterior cingulate cortex function

A

Recall of autobiographical memories (more involved when memories have emotional quality)

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