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Extra > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main structures involved in the Basal Ganglia

A 
Caudate 
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
Substantia Nigra
Subthalamic Nuclei
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2
Q

The striatum consists of

A

Caudate and putamen

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3
Q

What stuctures are considered the Lenticulate Nucleus

A

Putamen and Globus Pallidus

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4
Q

What structures are vascularized by the Lenticulate Artieries of the MCA

A

Lenticulate nucleus: Putamen and Globus Pallidus

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5
Q

Where can the Subthalamic Nuclei be found?

A

Midbrain-Diencephalic junction

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6
Q

Where is the substantia nigra be found

A

Midbrain

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7
Q

The substantia nigra has two parts. What are they and which part is located most ventral?

A

Pars compacta

Pars Reticularis*

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8
Q

What is the main role of the BG?

A

Motor control:
initiation and execution (scale) of movement and
Prevent unwanted movement

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9
Q

What are the extra roles/loops that the BG is involved with?

A

Eye movement loop
Goal-directed behavior loop
Social behavior loop
Emotional loop

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10
Q

All input to the BG is received via the

A

Striatum

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11
Q

The BG receives input from where?

A

Cerebral cortex (caudate receives from heteromodal association cortices and motor areas of frontal lobe [eye mvmt]
Putamen receives from parietal, occipital and temporal lobes, premotor and PriMC, and auditory association)
SNpc
Thalamus (intralaminar nu)
Subcortical structures (NT)

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12
Q

The cerebral cortex sends info to the striatum via what pathways?

A

Corticostriatal

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13
Q

The BG sends output info to

A

VL and VA nu of thalamus > frontal lobe (PriMC, PreMC, and SMA)
Intralaminar Nu of thalamus (motor relay)
Mediodorsal Nu (limbic loop)
Superior colliculus (eye mvmt [tectospinal])

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14
Q

What BG structures receive input and what structures send output info

A

Input: striatum
Output: GPi and SNpr

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15
Q

What is the direct pathway of the BG

A

INITIATES MOVEMENT

Cortex sends GLUT to striatum which inhibits GP and SNpr which allows thalamus to excite cortex and elicit movement

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16
Q

Normally, the GPi and SNpr ___________ the thalamus to _____________________________.

A

Inhibits

Prevent unwanted movement

17
Q

Without control from the ________and______, the thalamus would send __________________ to the cortex

A

GPi and SNpc

Constant excitatory signals

18
Q

What is the indirect pathway of the BG?

A

STOPS MOVEMENT
Cortex inhibits GPe via the striatum which stops the ability to inhibit the Subthalamic nu… then the cortex activates the Subthalamic nu to send excitatory signals to GPi and SNpr which stregthens inhibition of thalamus

19
Q

What structure regulates the direct and indirect pathways of the BG? How?

A

SNpc has direct connection to the striatum

Modulates activity via dopamine release

20
Q

Dopamine has an _______ effect in the indirect pathway and an __________ effect in the direct pathway: this will assist in the ______________

A

Inhibitory
Excitatory
Facilitation of movement

21
Q

What is the function of ACH in the BG

A

Inhibits dopamine when appropriate

Can quickly interrupt ongoing motor behavior in response to salient environmental stim.

22
Q

Function of the oculomotor loop

A

Higher control of eye movements: aids in spatial attention

Initiates fast eye movements toward an object (saccadic movement)

23
Q

Basic oculomotor loop path

A

Post. Parietal and prefrontal cortex > caudate > GPi and SNpr > MD and VA nu > frontal and supplementary eye field

24
Q

Function of goal directed behavior loop

A

Decision making, goal directed behavior, planning, action selection, learning

25
Q

What loops are included in the pre-frontal loops

A

Goal directed behavior loop

Social behavior loop

26
Q

Function of social behavior loop

A

Recognizes social cues, regulates self control, discriminates relevant and irrelevant info

27
Q

Goal directed behavior and social behavior loops path

A

Dorsolateral, prefrontal cortex > anterior caudate > GPi (Goal-directed) and SNpr (social behavior) > MD and VA nu > dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

28
Q

Function of the limbic/emotion loop

A

Links emotion to cognitive and motor systems; reward seeking; outcome predictions

Receives dopaminergic input from VTA

29
Q

Describe the limbic loop path

A

Amygdala, hippocampus, orbitofrontal, anterior cingulate, temporal cortex > ventral striatum )nu accumbens) > ventral pallidum > MD nu > anterior cingulate, orbitofrontal cortex

30
Q

Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease are _______ dysfunctions

A

Basal ganglia

31
Q

What tests would you preform to test the basal ganglia

A

Myotomes- motor control
Tone assessment- rigidity
Coordination assessment

32
Q

Impairments seen with Basal Ganglia dysfunction

A 
Incoordination
Rigidity (posturing?)
Dystonia
Weakness
Impaired motor control: synergies and impaired motor recruitment

Extra (8 decks)

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