Higher Order Cerebral Function Flashcards
Superior (Myers’s striations) optic radiations move through the _______ lobe and what retinal input does it carry?
Parietal lobe
Inferior retinal input
Inferior (Myers’s striations) optic radiations travel through what lobe and what info does it carry
Temporal lobe
Superior retinal info
Occipital pole is in charge of what? Describe its blood supply
Macular vision
Bilateral blood supply
Damage to the fovea of the eye results in
Central scotoma
Damage to the optic nerve results in
Monocular blindness (ipsilaterally blindness)
Damage to the optic chasm leads to
This is common in __________ because of its proximity
Bitemporal hemianopia
Pituitary tumors
Damage to the optic tract leads to
Also happens in damage to the…
Contralateral Homonymous hemianopia
Thalamus
Damage to inferior striations (radiations) leads to
Superior quadrantopia
Damage to the superior striations (radiations) leads to
Inferior quadrantopia
Damage to the primary visual cortex will result in
Homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing
Why does macular sparing occur in damage to the primary visual cortex
Because of the bilateral blood supply
The parieto-occipital association cortex recieve information on what
Location!
Analyze motion and spatial relationships between objects and body&visual stim.
What info is analyzed by occipitotemporal association cortex
Form (what)
Color, faces, letters etc
Why can we have conjugate eye movements
Through MLF…. occulomotor, trochlear, abducens and vestibular fibers are interconnected
What are considered the horizontal gaze centers
Abducens nu
The paramedics pontine reticular formation is active in what eye movements
Horizontal
The rostral midbrain reticular formation is involved in what eye movements
Vertical
Define saccades
Rapid, voluntary eye movements that function to bring targets of interest into field
of view
Smooth pursuit def
Slow following of a visual target while allowing for stable viewing of moving targets
Vergence def
Maintain fused fixation by both eyes as targets move towards or away from the
individual
Where are frontal eye fields found and what is its function
Superior frontal sulcus and pre central sulcus
Generate contralateral saccades (via connections to contralateral PPRF)
What is the function of the parietal-occipital-temporal cortex
Generate ipsilateral smooth pursuit (via connections with vestibular nu, cerebellum, and pprf)
What hemisphere contains language centers
Left hemisphere
Many left handlers show _____________ language represent
Bilateral
The Broca’s area is where
Neural representations for words converting to sound output
Wernikes area function
Neural representations for sounds are converting into word output
Brocas and wernikes are connected by what? Where does it travel
Arcuate fasciculus
Superior to Sylvia’s fissure
The frontal lobe connects to wernickes area for what function
Higher order motor aspects of speech formation and syntax (arrangement of words)
Supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus connect with wernickes area for what function?
Lexicon(vocab) and writing
Visual cortex and visual association cortex have what function with language
Reading
Language can be impaired with damage to
Nondominate hemisphere and subcortical structures (thalamus and basal ganglia)
Impairments of language centers in the non dominant hemisphere because of the ____________
Corpus callosum
The non dominant hemisphere is involved in the _________ elements of speech
Affective
Aphasia def
a disturbance of one or more aspects of the complex process of comprehending and formulating verbal messages that result from newly acquired disease of the central nervous system (Code & Muller, 1996)”
Describe brocas hemisphere
Sometimes referred to as, “motor aphasia”
Impaired language production
Aware of deficits
Describe wernickes aphasia
Impaired language comprehension
Unaware of deficits
Global aphasia displays
Brocas and wernickes impairments
Def alexia
Impairment in reading ability
When might you see alexia without aphasia
Lesion to the dominant occipital cortex extending to the posterior corpus callosum (PCA)
Def agraphia
Impairment in writing ability
When may you see agraphia without aphasia
Lesions of inferior parietal lobe of language dominant hemisphere
What function does the non dominant hemisphere have with language?
Complex visual-spatial skills
Imparts emotional significance to
events and language
Music perception
Perceptual integration
Perception def
Perceiving is the capacity to transform information from the senses (touch, hearing, vision, smell, taste, kinesthesia) and use it to interact appropriately to the environment
Perception is a selective, integrative, dynamic process involved in
Problem solving and memory
4 components of perceptual exam components
Body schema/body image impairment
Spatial relationships
Agnosias
Apraxia
Body image def
Conscious appraisal of one’s body
Visual and mental image
Body schema def
Postural model of the body
(Unconscious motor and postural control of one’s body)
Includes relationship of body parts to eachother and their relationship of the body to the environment (THINK: body awareness, body experience)
Unilateral inattention def
Failure to orient toward, respond to, or report stimuli on the side contralateral to the lesion
(Despite normal sensory, motor and visual systems)
When might you find unilateral inattention
Mostly occurs with R temporoparietal junction, posterior parietal lesions
Also: dorsolateral frontal, cingulate gyrus, thalamic, putamen lesions
Unilateral inattention is a ______________ impairment
Body schema
Two classifications of unilateral inattention
Modality (sensory motor or representational)
Distribution (personal or spatial)
3 Classifications of modality unilateral inattention
Sensory- Auditory, Visual or Tactile
Motor- “Output neglect”
Representational- Loss of internally generated images
2 ways to classify distribution inattention
Spatial and personal
Personal distribution of inattention is
Lack of exploration or awareness of contralateral side of the body
Spatial distribution of inattention is
Failure to acknowledge stimuli of the contralateral side of space
What is peripersonal spatial distribution of inattention
Inattention to things within reaching distance
What is extrapersonal spatial distribution of inattention
Inattention to things outside reaching space
What is position in space disorder
Decreased ability to perceive and interpret spatial concepts
(Up down in out over under etc)
What is right-left discrimination
Decreased R/L differentiation with body parts and with following directions
What is topographical disorientation
Difficulty perceiving relationships from one location to another in the environment
What is depth and distance perception disorientation
Inaccurate judgment of direction, distance, and depth
What is vertical/midline disorientation
Cannot identify when body is in middle
Agnosia def
Decreased ability to recognize stimuli despite intact sensory function
Visual agnosia def
Inability to recognize familiar objects despite normal eye function
Ex. Prosopagnosia
Auditory agnosia def
Inability to recognize non-speech sounds or discriminate between them
What are 2 types of tactile agnosia
Astereogenosis
Agraohesthesia
Astereognosis
Inability to recognize objects when handling them, despite normal tactile sensations
Agraohesthesia
Inability to recognize symbols when they’re traced on the skin
When agnosia combines with body schema, you can get what 2 impairments
Asomatignosia and anosognosia
Asomatognosia def
Lack of awareness of presence of and or relationship of body parts
Loss of ownership or agency over a limb
Anosognosia def
Sever condition where pathogensesis is not fully understood
Denial or lack of awareness of presence or severity of one’s deficits
Can also demonstrate astereognosis
Apraxia def
Impairment of voluntary , skilled, well learned movement
Without deficits I motor function sensory function or coordination
Perceptual deficits seen with lesions to left/dominant frontal or parietal lobes
Two types of apraxia
Ideomotor and ideational
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex function
Switching attention, working memory, maintaining abstract rules, and inhibiting inappropriate responses
Orbitofrontal Prefrontal Cortex
Decision making
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
Emotional processing, aids in decision- making, short-term memory (sec to min), self-perception, and social cognition
Functions of the frontal lobes fall into what 3 categories
Restraint initiative and order
The prefrontal cortex is known for its role in
Executive function
Planning, decision-making, problem-solving, self-control, and acting with long-term goals in mind
