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Extra > Higher Order Cerebral Function > Flashcards

Higher Order Cerebral Function Flashcards

1
Q

Superior (Myers’s striations) optic radiations move through the _______ lobe and what retinal input does it carry?

A

Parietal lobe

Inferior retinal input

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2
Q

Inferior (Myers’s striations) optic radiations travel through what lobe and what info does it carry

A

Temporal lobe

Superior retinal info

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3
Q

Occipital pole is in charge of what? Describe its blood supply

A

Macular vision

Bilateral blood supply

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4
Q

Damage to the fovea of the eye results in

A

Central scotoma

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5
Q

Damage to the optic nerve results in

A

Monocular blindness (ipsilaterally blindness)

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6
Q

Damage to the optic chasm leads to

This is common in __________ because of its proximity

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

Pituitary tumors

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7
Q

Damage to the optic tract leads to

Also happens in damage to the…

A

Contralateral Homonymous hemianopia

Thalamus

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8
Q

Damage to inferior striations (radiations) leads to

A

Superior quadrantopia

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9
Q

Damage to the superior striations (radiations) leads to

A

Inferior quadrantopia

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10
Q

Damage to the primary visual cortex will result in

A

Homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing

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11
Q

Why does macular sparing occur in damage to the primary visual cortex

A

Because of the bilateral blood supply

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12
Q

The parieto-occipital association cortex recieve information on what

A

Location!

Analyze motion and spatial relationships between objects and body&visual stim.

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13
Q

What info is analyzed by occipitotemporal association cortex

A

Form (what)

Color, faces, letters etc

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14
Q

Why can we have conjugate eye movements

A

Through MLF…. occulomotor, trochlear, abducens and vestibular fibers are interconnected

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15
Q

What are considered the horizontal gaze centers

A

Abducens nu

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16
Q

The paramedics pontine reticular formation is active in what eye movements

A

Horizontal

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17
Q

The rostral midbrain reticular formation is involved in what eye movements

A

Vertical

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18
Q

Define saccades

A

Rapid, voluntary eye movements that function to bring targets of interest into field
of view

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19
Q

Smooth pursuit def

A

Slow following of a visual target while allowing for stable viewing of moving targets

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20
Q

Vergence def

A

Maintain fused fixation by both eyes as targets move towards or away from the
individual

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21
Q

Where are frontal eye fields found and what is its function

A

Superior frontal sulcus and pre central sulcus

Generate contralateral saccades (via connections to contralateral PPRF)

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22
Q

What is the function of the parietal-occipital-temporal cortex

A

Generate ipsilateral smooth pursuit (via connections with vestibular nu, cerebellum, and pprf)

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23
Q

What hemisphere contains language centers

A

Left hemisphere

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24
Q

Many left handlers show _____________ language represent

A

Bilateral

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25
Q

The Broca’s area is where

A

Neural representations for words converting to sound output

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26
Q

Wernikes area function

A

Neural representations for sounds are converting into word output

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27
Q

Brocas and wernikes are connected by what? Where does it travel

A

Arcuate fasciculus

Superior to Sylvia’s fissure

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28
Q

The frontal lobe connects to wernickes area for what function

A

Higher order motor aspects of speech formation and syntax (arrangement of words)

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29
Q

Supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus connect with wernickes area for what function?

A

Lexicon(vocab) and writing

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30
Q

Visual cortex and visual association cortex have what function with language

A

Reading

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31
Q

Language can be impaired with damage to

A

Nondominate hemisphere and subcortical structures (thalamus and basal ganglia)

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32
Q

Impairments of language centers in the non dominant hemisphere because of the ____________

A

Corpus callosum

33
Q

The non dominant hemisphere is involved in the _________ elements of speech

A

Affective

34
Q

Aphasia def

A

a disturbance of one or more aspects of the complex process of comprehending and formulating verbal messages that result from newly acquired disease of the central nervous system (Code & Muller, 1996)”

35
Q

Describe brocas hemisphere

A

Sometimes referred to as, “motor aphasia”
Impaired language production
Aware of deficits

36
Q

Describe wernickes aphasia

A

Impaired language comprehension

Unaware of deficits

37
Q

Global aphasia displays

A

Brocas and wernickes impairments

38
Q

Def alexia

A

Impairment in reading ability

39
Q

When might you see alexia without aphasia

A

Lesion to the dominant occipital cortex extending to the posterior corpus callosum (PCA)

40
Q

Def agraphia

A

Impairment in writing ability

41
Q

When may you see agraphia without aphasia

A

Lesions of inferior parietal lobe of language dominant hemisphere

42
Q

What function does the non dominant hemisphere have with language?

A

Complex visual-spatial skills

Imparts emotional significance to
events and language

Music perception

Perceptual integration

43
Q

Perception def

A

Perceiving is the capacity to transform information from the senses (touch, hearing, vision, smell, taste, kinesthesia) and use it to interact appropriately to the environment

44
Q

Perception is a selective, integrative, dynamic process involved in

A

Problem solving and memory

45
Q

4 components of perceptual exam components

A

Body schema/body image impairment
Spatial relationships
Agnosias
Apraxia

46
Q

Body image def

A

Conscious appraisal of one’s body

Visual and mental image

47
Q

Body schema def

A

Postural model of the body
(Unconscious motor and postural control of one’s body)
Includes relationship of body parts to eachother and their relationship of the body to the environment (THINK: body awareness, body experience)

48
Q

Unilateral inattention def

A

Failure to orient toward, respond to, or report stimuli on the side contralateral to the lesion
(Despite normal sensory, motor and visual systems)

49
Q

When might you find unilateral inattention

A

Mostly occurs with R temporoparietal junction, posterior parietal lesions

Also: dorsolateral frontal, cingulate gyrus, thalamic, putamen lesions

50
Q

Unilateral inattention is a ______________ impairment

A

Body schema

51
Q

Two classifications of unilateral inattention

A

Modality (sensory motor or representational)

Distribution (personal or spatial)

52
Q

3 Classifications of modality unilateral inattention

A

Sensory- Auditory, Visual or Tactile
Motor- “Output neglect”
Representational- Loss of internally generated images

53
Q

2 ways to classify distribution inattention

A

Spatial and personal

54
Q

Personal distribution of inattention is

A

Lack of exploration or awareness of contralateral side of the body

55
Q

Spatial distribution of inattention is

A

Failure to acknowledge stimuli of the contralateral side of space

56
Q

What is peripersonal spatial distribution of inattention

A

Inattention to things within reaching distance

57
Q

What is extrapersonal spatial distribution of inattention

A

Inattention to things outside reaching space

58
Q

What is position in space disorder

A

Decreased ability to perceive and interpret spatial concepts
(Up down in out over under etc)

59
Q

What is right-left discrimination

A

Decreased R/L differentiation with body parts and with following directions

60
Q

What is topographical disorientation

A

Difficulty perceiving relationships from one location to another in the environment

61
Q

What is depth and distance perception disorientation

A

Inaccurate judgment of direction, distance, and depth

62
Q

What is vertical/midline disorientation

A

Cannot identify when body is in middle

63
Q

Agnosia def

A

Decreased ability to recognize stimuli despite intact sensory function

64
Q

Visual agnosia def

A

Inability to recognize familiar objects despite normal eye function

Ex. Prosopagnosia

65
Q

Auditory agnosia def

A

Inability to recognize non-speech sounds or discriminate between them

66
Q

What are 2 types of tactile agnosia

A

Astereogenosis

Agraohesthesia

67
Q

Astereognosis

A

Inability to recognize objects when handling them, despite normal tactile sensations

68
Q

Agraohesthesia

A

Inability to recognize symbols when they’re traced on the skin

69
Q

When agnosia combines with body schema, you can get what 2 impairments

A

Asomatignosia and anosognosia

70
Q

Asomatognosia def

A

Lack of awareness of presence of and or relationship of body parts

Loss of ownership or agency over a limb

71
Q

Anosognosia def

A

Sever condition where pathogensesis is not fully understood

Denial or lack of awareness of presence or severity of one’s deficits

Can also demonstrate astereognosis

72
Q

Apraxia def

A

Impairment of voluntary , skilled, well learned movement
Without deficits I motor function sensory function or coordination

Perceptual deficits seen with lesions to left/dominant frontal or parietal lobes

73
Q

Two types of apraxia

A

Ideomotor and ideational

74
Q

Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex function

A

Switching attention, working memory, maintaining abstract rules, and inhibiting inappropriate responses

75
Q

Orbitofrontal Prefrontal Cortex

A

Decision making

76
Q

Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex

A

Emotional processing, aids in decision- making, short-term memory (sec to min), self-perception, and social cognition

77
Q

Functions of the frontal lobes fall into what 3 categories

A

Restraint initiative and order

78
Q

The prefrontal cortex is known for its role in

A

Executive function

Planning, decision-making, problem-solving, self-control, and acting with long-term goals in mind

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