Lifespan Quiz Questions

Question 1

According to Kohlberg’s cognitive theory, gender identity development involves three stages that occur in the following order:

Answer 1

identity, stability, constancy.

Question 2

A child in the preoperational stage of development:

Answer 2

treats objects as symbols of things (e.g., dolls as babies).

Question 3

In Ainsworth’s “strange situation,” a one-year old shows little distress when her mother leaves the room and ignores her when she returns. Most likely, this mother is:

Answer 3

impatient or overstimulating

Question 4

The most prominent risk factor for illicit drug abuse in adolescence is:

Answer 4

Use of a gateway drug

Question 5

As described by Piaget, a child in the autonomous stage of moral development believes that:

Answer 5

rules can be changed by consensus.

Question 6

As described by Piaget, a tertiary circular reaction occurs when an infant:

Answer 6

deliberately varies an action to discover or observe the consequences of that action.

Question 7

Metcalfe and Mischel (1999) use a “hot/cool” system to explain which of the following?

Answer 7

Delay of gratification

Question 8

When the sole of an infant’s foot is stroked, her big toe bends back toward the top of her foot and her other toes fan out. This is referred to as the _______ reflex.

Answer 8

Babinski

Question 9

As described by __________, internalization involves an internal reconstruction of an external operation.

Answer 9

Vygotsky

Question 10

When using the Adult Attachment Interview, a mother will be classified as ____________ if she describes her parents in positive terms (e.g., “Dad was a very loving person”) but either reports negative interactions with her parents or says she can’t remember any early interactions with them.

Answer 10

dismissing

Question 11

In his study of moral development, Kohlberg presented research participants with stories that posed a conflict between two moral dilemmas. In the most famous of these stories, the “________ dilemma,” participants were presented with a choice between the value of obeying the law and the value of human life.

Answer 11

Heinz

Question 12

Within the first 6 months of life, infants express, through facial expression:

Answer 12

distress, interest, and disgust

Question 13

The most common cause of cerebral palsy is:

Answer 13

brain injury early in life

Question 14

____________during prenatal development is associated withmiscarriage, stillbirth, and low birth weight and may result insuppression of the immune system, intellectual disability, andother serious problems.

Answer 14

Malnutrition

Question 15

A developmental psychologist investigating the influence of Bronfenbrenner’s mesosystem on child development will focus on:

Answer 15

the interaction of two or more systems in the child’s life

Question 16

Research by Werner and Smith (1982) found that a high-risk baby is least likely to suffer long-term negative consequences if:

Answer 16

they have temperamental characteristics that promote positive relationships and high resiliency.

Question 17

During a “critical period:”

Answer 17

certain biological or behavioral characteristics require appropriate exposure or stimulation in order to develop

Question 18

The symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS):

Answer 18

are irreversible and persist into adulthood.

Question 19

L

Question 20

According to Piaget, the ability to think abstractly is first evident at about ____ years of age.

Answer 20

11

Question 21

As defined by Piaget, the ability to engage in deferred imitation depends on the development of:

Answer 21

mental representation

Question 22

According to Erikson, the purpose of play is to:

Answer 22

master social and emotional experiences

Question 23

A 15-month-old child points to a milk carton on the table and says “milk,” which means, “I want some milk.” Later, when he spills milk on his shirt, he starts crying and says “milk” which means, “I spilled my milk and I’m all wet.” This illustrates which stage of language acquisition?

Answer 23

Holophrastic speech

Question 24

Ron attends a rally organized to oppose gun control. When asked why he is against gun control, Ron states, “Well, the law says people have the right to own a gun, and everybody in my hometown has a gun.” Kohlberg would say that Ron is at which level of moral development?

Answer 24

Conventional

Question 25

Sarah and Eve are served liver for dinner. Sarah screams, "Now there's more!" when hers is cut up into bite-size pieces. Eve says, "No, there's not! It's just the same." In terms of Piaget's stages of cognitive development:

Answer 25

Sarah is in the preoperational stage, Eve is in the concrete or formal stage

Question 26

The greatest age-related decline in memory is in:

Answer 26

recent long-term memory (secondary)

Question 27

An individual's phenotype:

Answer 27

is determined by a combination of genetic and environmental factors

Question 28

Children in the autonomous stage _______________ when making moral judgements about a behavior, according to Piaget.

Answer 28

consider the intentions of the actor

Question 29

Mr. and Mrs. Wolff bring their 17-month old son, Walter, to you for an evaluation because they are concerned that he has not yet started walking or talking. You should:

Answer 29

refer the family to a physician for an evaluation of Walter

Question 30

Two-word sentences are characteristic of the speech of children at ________ months of age.

Answer 30

18 to 24

Question 31

Infantile amnesia refers to:

Answer 31

the inability of adolescents and adults to recall events they experienced prior to 3 or 4 years of age

Question 32

Which of the following best describes the symptoms of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)?

Answer 32

Most symptoms are irreversible and persist into adulthood.

Question 33

In response to questions included in the Adult Attachment Interview, a 34-year old mother describes her childhood relationships with her own parents as very positive, but she is unable to come up with specific examples of pleasant experiences with them. Although she says this inability is due to poor memory, she is able to recall other events that occurred during early childhood. Most likely, this woman's 13-month old baby will exhibit which of the following attachment patterns in the Strange Situation?

Answer 33

Avoidant

Question 34

Performance on which of the following is least likely to be adversely affected by increasing age in adulthood?

Answer 34

A measure of implicit memory (Vs. dichotic listening, processing speed, visual acuity)

Question 35

Babies 8 to 12 months old actively seek a toy that is shown to them prior to being hidden from view. According to Piaget, this ability is due to the development of:

Answer 35

the object concept

Question 36

Father-child attachment depends most on:

Answer 36

play activities

Question 37

Teachers criticize boys more than girls and:

Answer 37

boys receive more praise for ability but girls receive more praise for effort

Question 38

A key accomplishment of Piaget's preoperational stage is the emergence of:

Answer 38

the symbolic function

Question 39

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be one of a child's first words?

Answer 39

Cold

Question 40

A person in the sixth (final) stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral development pursues moral judgments guided primarily by:

Answer 40

universally applicable ethical principles

Question 41

Raymond is a high-energy four-year-old who is always asking questions and likes to help with everything. He is easily distracted and may start helping one family member, and then engage with someone else. Raymond also likes to pretend that he's one of his favorite characters on TV and can often be seen trying to "arrest" his younger brother or save his friends from an imaginary "bad guy". In terms of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, Raymond appears to be in which stage of development?

Answer 41

Initiative vs. guilt

Question 42

Which of the following individuals coined the term "identity crisis"?

Answer 42

Erikson

Question 43

Studies comparing children who are actively rejected or neglected by their peers have found that:

Answer 43

children who are actively rejected have worse outcomes

Question 44

Which aspect of long-term memory is usually the first to be adversely affected by increasing age?

Answer 44

Episodic

Question 45

Research investigating the deficits in recent long-term memory associated with increasing age indicates that these deficits are most often attributable to:

Answer 45

reduced use of encoding strategies

Question 46

In her longitudinal study of high-risk infants, Werner (1993) found that positive outcomes for these infants were most associated with:

Answer 46

an easy temperament

Question 47

Children ages 7 to 9 years of age are most likely to say that:

Answer 47

people in TV shows are actors

Question 48

Which of the following statement is most accurate, based on research on gender and biological vulnerability?

Answer 48

Males are more vulnerable than females with regard to poor physical health.

Question 49

The brain is only about 25% of its adult weight at birth. By about _______ months of age, it has reached 80% of its adult weight.

Answer 49

24

Question 50

Children between the ages of approximately _______ years are in the phallic stage of psychosexual development according to Freud and in the initiative vs. guilt stage of psychosocial development according to Erikson.

Answer 50

3 to 6

Question 51

Rutter proposed that the following were important variables in the development of pathology:

Answer 51

low socioeconomic status, large family size, and maternal psychopathology

Question 52

The visual cues an infant uses to perceive depth arise in a predictable sequence. Which cue is the last to develop?

Answer 52

Pictorial

Question 53

As defined by Piaget, assimilation involves:

Answer 53

incorporating new knowledge into existing schemas

Question 54

According to Piaget, centration, or the tendency to focus on only one aspect of a situation or object while ignoring all others, is characteristic of the _________ stage.

Answer 54

pre-operational

Question 55

The understanding that another person’s thoughts may be false (inaccurate) and that people may act on their false beliefs. usually occurs between the ages of:

Answer 55

4-5

Question 56

Researchers have found that newborns exhibit three types of cries -- the hungry (basic) cry, the angry cry, and the pain cry. They have also found that, by _____ months of age, most infants begin to emit a "fussy" or irregular cry.

Answer 56

2

Question 57

Which of the following is an example of a morpheme: th, un, iest

Answer 57

un

Question 58

A young child’s ability to narrow the possible meaning of new words is known as which of the following?

Answer 58

syntactic bootstrapping

Question 59

Carol Gilligan (1991) considers adolescence to be a particularly critical period for girls because it involves a conflict between:

Answer 59

self and culture

Question 60

Thomas and Chess (1977) proposed that maladjustment in children is traceable to:

Answer 60

temperament

Question 61

According to Erikson, a desirable outcome of the final stage of psychosocial development is which of the following?

Answer 61

Coming to terms with one's life.

Question 62

As described by Marcia (1987), an adolescent experiencing "foreclosure" will be most likely to say which of the following about her career goals?

Answer 62

I'm going to follow my mother into her business.

Question 63

It is not until the age of ___ that most children understand that when the "bad guy" is shot on television, he has not truly died in real life.

Answer 63

10; Children aged 5-9 typically have some understanding of death, but continue to exhibit magical thinking, and may not distinguish between fictional and real death.

Question 64

A baby with insecure/avoidant attachment:

Answer 64

shows little distress when separated from his/her mother and turns away from her when she returns.

Question 65

Separation from her mother is likely to have the fewest negative consequences for a baby if it occurs when the baby is between ______ months of age.

Answer 65

2-3

Question 66

At approximately ____ months of age, babies begin to show outward signs of jealousy, empathy, and embarrassment.

Answer 66

18

Question 67

A child in Piaget's autonomous stage of moral development will base his judgment of whether an act is "right" or "wrong" primarily on:

Answer 67

intentions

Question 68

Tyrone and Tyree are 6-year-old twins. They attended daycare from the time they were two years old. In comparison to children who have not received care outside the home, you would expect Tyrone and Tyree to:

Answer 68

be more advanced in language development and aggressive behavior.

Question 69

Which of the following is most likely to be an accurate description of the relationship between two sisters, ages 12 and 14?

Answer 69

Close and conflictual

Question 70

Huntington's disease, Marfan's syndrome, and Von Willebrand's disease are due to:

Answer 70

an autosomal recessive gene

Question 71

Which of the following best describes Kohlberg's claim about the relationship between moral judgment and moral action?

Answer 71

The relationship between moral judgment and moral action is strongest at the higher stages of moral development.

Question 72

A child who has just progressed into Kohlberg's conventional level of moral development has been caught stealing from other children at school. The child's parents would be best advised to do which of the following to discourage the child's stealing?

Answer 72

Help her understand how the children she steals from feel about having their things taken.

Question 73

In response to the cries of an infant:

Answer 73

most adults (both parents and non-parents) exhibit an increase in heart rate and blood pressure

Question 74

A 47-year old politician teaching his aides the essentials of dirty tricks tells them, "Nothing is wrong unless you get caught." One of his aides, a developmental psychologist, comments to another aide that the politician is apparently at the __________ level of moral development.

Answer 74

preconventional

Question 75

Jerome Kagan has related the basic temperament quality of inhibition (degree of approach or withdrawal in new situations) to which of the following?

Answer 75

CNS reactivity

Question 76

Patterson and his colleagues focus on the family in describing the origins of aggressiveness in children. Specifically, they relate high aggressiveness in children to:

Answer 76

coercive exchanges between parent-child

Question 77

Which of the following is generally considered to be most important in the early development of attachment between an infant and his or her caretaker?

Answer 77

Pleasant tactile stimulation of the infant by the caretaker

Question 78

As conceptualized in Bronfenbrenner's (1995) ecological systems theory, the exosystem includes which of the following?

Answer 78

Elements in the larger social system that the child does not have direct contact with but that affect his/her immediate environment

Question 79

Bronfenbrenner's (2004) ecological model describes the ________ as consisting of cultural values, beliefs, and customs.

Answer 79

Microsystem

Question 80

For Bowlby, an "internal working model" derives from:

Answer 80

early interpersonal interaction patterns.

Question 81

A young girl volunteers to clean her room and do other chores around the house because she wants her mother's approval and affection. According to Kohlberg, this child is in which of the following stages of moral development?

Answer 81

conventional

Question 82

The development of sensitivity to depth perception cues in infants emerges in which of the following sequences (from first to last)?

Answer 82

Kinetic, binocular, pictorial

Question 83

According to Kohlberg, moral development is directly related to:

Answer 83

changes in cognitive skills and social perspective-taking.

Question 84

Numerous studies have found that social support is a causal contributor to physical and psychological health. Further, research on the "buffering hypothesis" indicates that a critical factor in determining if a person's health will be adversely affected by stress is whether:

Answer 84

the person perceives available supports to be adequate

Question 85

Lawrence Kohlberg describes reasoning in his sixth (last) stage of moral development as involving consideration of universal ethical principles. In contrast, the last stage in Carol Gilligan's model of moral development emphasizes:

Answer 85

avoiding harm to oneself and to others.

Question 86

Erikson's autonomy versus shame and doubt stage occurs in an age range comparable to Freud's ______ stage.

Answer 86

Anal

Question 87

Children normally begin to talk somewhere around their first birthday. Studies investigating the nature of a child's language development have shown that a large proportion of a child's first words refer to:

Answer 87

objects that move or change.