Lifespan Flashcards
polygenic
influenced by multiple genes (height, weight, IQ, personality)
A dominant trait can be due to ____ or ____
HOMOzygous: both are the same (HH, hh)
—OR—
HETEROzygous: both different (Hh)
examples of homozygous traits due one single dominant gene (Hh)
brown eyes, dark hair, farsightedness
most common
examples of homozygous traits due to 2 recessive genes (hh)
green/hazel/blue eyes, blonde hair, nearsightedness
an alternative form of a gene is called ______
an allele
Rutter’s family risk factors for child psychopathology
severe marital discord low SES overcrowding/large family size parent criminality MATERNAL psychopathology child placed outside home
Kauai study (Werner) positive outcomes for high risk infants due to:
- fewer stressors following birth
- easy temperament = high social responsively, good communication skills, consistent eating/sleeping patterns
- stable caregiver support
canalization
genotype restricts phenotype to small number of outcomes
think “canal”
reaction range
status within the range depends on environmental factors
width of the range depends on genetic factors
genotype-environment correlations
- passive–> child inherits traits, parents provide environment to develop those traits
- evocative –> child’s genetic makeup “evokes” reactions from parents/others that reinforce it
- active –> “niche picking” == child actively seeks out experiences consistent with genetic predisposition
critical periods vs sensitive periods
critical = specific and predetermined (e.g., imprinting goslings) sensitive = longer, more flexible; not closely tied to age or maturation stage
prenatal development
0-2 weeks: germinal stage (zygote)
3-8 weeks: embryonic stage (major structural damage if exposed to teratogens)
9 weeks-birth: fetal stage
Dominant gene disorders
single dominant gene from one parent
Huntington’s
Recessive gene disorders
2 recessive genes PKU cystic fibrosis Tay-Sachs sickle-cell
chromosomal disorders
variation in number or structure of chromosomes
aneuploidy
not correct number of chromosomes
Down = extra 21st
Klinefelter = 2 or more X with single Y (XXY, XXXY, etc)
Turner = female with single X
chromosomal deletion
part of chromosome missing
Prader-Willi
translocation
segment of chromosome transfers to another chromosome
sometimes in Down extra 21 is elsewhere
inversion
segment of chromosome breaks in 2 places, inverts and reattaches
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
FAS: most severe form
less severe:
*ARND: neuro disorder (no physical signs)
*ARBD: physical signs only (birth defects)
maternal conditions affecting baby
Rubella: heart defects, blind, deaf, ID
CMV: ID, hearing/visual impairments
HIV/AIDS: 20-30% transmission at birth; >1% if antiretrovial Rx used (50% survive to age 10)
malnutrition: low folic acid = neural tube defects
age of prematurity
less than 37 weeks
birthweight survivability
3.3 lbs (1500g)
SGA (small for gestational age)
below 10 %ile
develops less than normal rate
increased risk for asphyxia at birth, respiratory disease, hypoglycemia, LD, ADHD