Exam Errors Flashcards
Incremental validity
HIGH criterion-related validity coefficient
LOW selection ratio (lots of applicants for few positions)
MOD base rate (selection technique = moderately accurate)
Delirium vs psychosis
Delirium=Sx random, haphazard, rapid onset
Psychosis=Sx systematized
Ohio State U
Behavior of leaders
Imitating structure (task-orientation) Consideration (person-orientation)
MMPI scales
K - Korrection (defensiveness)
L - lie
F - inFrequency
Adult Attachment Interview
Autonomous = describes parent + or - and gives examples
(Child –> secure)
Dismissing = describes parent + but no examples
(Child –> avoidant)
Preoccupied = - or confused description, no examples
(Child –> resistant
Unresolved/disorganized
(Child –>disorganized/disoriented)
Cross’ Black Racial ID Model
Pre-encounter
Encounter
Immersion-Emersion
Internalization
Fiedler’s Contingency model
Characteristics of work situation (affect ability to lead)
Leader-member relations ***most important
Task structure
Leaders position power
Transtheoretical model
Pre-contemplation: cons outweigh pros Contemplation: " " " Preparation: pros=cons Action: pros outweigh cons Maintenance: pros outweigh cons
Predictors of moving to next stage
Transtheoretical model
Perception of self efficacy Decisional balance (pros/cons)
BP vs ADHD
BP only: Elation Grandiosity Flight of ideas Reduced sleep Hypersexuality
BOTH: hyperactivity, irritability, distractibility, accelerated speech
Conventional vs Realistic
Conventional: keeping records, org data, attention to detail, others’ instructions
Realistic: technical, physical, mechanical, outdoor activities
Schizophrenia vs schizophreniform vs brief psychotic disorder
Time
Paired comparison technique
Measure of job performance
All employees compared to each other in PAIRS
“The whole is greater than the sum of its parts”
learning=perception of relationships among elements of a problem
Gestalt (Kohler)
Caplan mental health consultation
Case consultation (focus on consultee) * client-centered = particular client * consultee-centered=group or population Admin consultation (focus on administrators) * program-centered=particular program * consultee-centered=focus on admins
4 dopamine pathways
Mesolimbic –> motivation/emotion (high dopamine here=+Sx)
Mesocortical –> emotion/cognition (low dopamine here= -Sx)
Nigrostriatal –> motor Sx (Parkinson’s)
Tuberoinfundibular –>hypothalamus/pituitary (prolactin & hormones)
Ridley model of paranoia
Nonparanoiacs
Functional paranoiacs–> psychopathology
Healthy cultural paranoiacs
Confluent paranoiacs ???
Super lifespan model of career development
Growth (4-13) Exploration (14-24) Establishment (25-44) Maintenance (45-65) Disengagement (65+)
Overregularization vs overextension
Over reg = grammar rules
Over ext = uses word too broadly
Telegraphic vs holophrastic speech
Telegraphic = 2 words Holophrastic = one word (means 'whole')
Option receptor antagonist
Reduces alcohol cravings
Naltrexone
Efficacy vs effectiveness
Efficacy: clinical trials
Effectiveness: “real world” effects (correlational, quasi-experimental studies)
Papez’ circuit
limbic system
IQ correlations among family
.18 -- adopted child with parent .25 -- bio sibs reared apart .40 -- parent and child .68 -- identical twins reared apart .80 -- identical twins reared together
Stress inoculation training
conceptualization:
skills acquisition:
application:
Q-sort technique
rank ordering descriptive statements about self
James-Lange theory
emotions are perceptions of bodily reactions
body first, then emotions
(“JAMES’ great body made Jessica LANGE emotional”)
Cannon-Bard theory
emphasis on brain
emotions first, then body reacts
“gender schema theory”
Bem
OCD across cultures
same stats
different content of obsessions and compulsions
TQM (Total Quality Management)
based on employee involvement
fails when employees not fully participating
best Rx for chronic pain
mixed SSRIs/SNRIs
better than SSRIs alone
best Rx for Alcohol Dependence
SSRIs
best for low alcohol consumption with LATE onset Alcohol Dependence (Type A)
Types of Alcohol Dependence
Type A: Late onset = lower consumption; fewer Sx; less severe Sx
Type B: Early onset = more Sx; more severe Sx; more severe psychopathology
procedural memory is mediated by _____
the striatum (caudate nucleus + putamen)
brain structure that mediates emotion
hypothalamus
Piaget moral development
HETEROnomous (subject to laws outside individual)
- -rule violations are punished
- -rules changed only by authorities
AUTOnomous (self-governing)
–rules can be changed by consensus
expressed emotion is predictive of relapse for ____
MORE predictive for mood and eating disorders
than schizophrenia
contingency management
punish undesirable + reward/reinforce desirable
false memory induction
Creates false memories by repeated asking about events never experienced
imagination inflation
asking to imagine event before asking if it ever happened to the individual
Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm (DRM)
erroneously recalling a word from a list of semantically related words
Loftus misinformation effect
original memory of events altered by exposure to misleading information
best Tx for stuttering
Habit Reversal: regulated breathing + awareness training + social support
Centralized vs decentralized communication
centralized: better for simple tasks
decentralized: better for complex tasks
when is brain lateralization first evident?
1st year of life
stages of Freudian psychoanalysis
confrontation: goal to help client see behavior in new way
clarification: clarifies client’s statements
interpretation:
working through:
script vs heuristic
script = "event schema": series of events/actions in particular situation heuristic = "mental shortcut" (rule of thumb)
According to REBT, what is the basis of irrational thoughts?
biological basis
what is the effect of brain trauma on memory?
most recent memories: most vulnerable to amnesia
remote memories: first to be recovered
fading vs thinning
fading: reducing prompts
thinning: reduction in + reinforcement
Chin & Benne 3 strategies to overcome resistance to change in an organization
Rational-Empirical: providing info when resistance is due to lack of knowledge
Normative-Reeducative: peer pressure and social norms used to promote change
Power-Coercive: relying on a strong leader
4 dopamine pathways
mesolimbic = emotion and motivation mesocortical = cognition nigrostriatal = motor (Parkinson's) tuberoinfundibular = hypothalamus to pituitary (prolactin secretion)
Type I error vs Type II error
Type I error == (alpha) incorrect rejection of a true null
Type II error == (beta) incorrectly retaining a false null
OARS (Motivational Interviewing)
O - open-ended questions
A - affirmations
R - reflective listening
S - summary statements
____% of new mothers have postpartum major depression
____% have “baby blues”
10-15%
up to 80%
CBT-E (CBT-Enhanced) for Bulimia
targets perfectionism, low self-esteem, interpersonal factors and emotional factors
Social Anxiety vs Panic Disorder
social anxiety–> MAY include panic attacks, but they are related to the known feared situation
Panic Disorder –> attacks are unexpected
physical issues that cause impotence
diabetes
antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs
liver and kidney disease
sexual arousal hormone in men and women
androgen (adrenal cortex)
maternal employment has most detrimental effect on academic achievement of ______
middle and upper-SES boys
especially when mother works FT thru child’s life
fact vs expert witness
fact – only offers facts
expert – can offer opinion
When would a structural family therapist use a family map?
to make a structural diagnosis by clarifying boundaries, coalitions, etc.
circular questions
used i Milan systematic family therapy
helps family members recognize differences in perceptions
Gain-loss theory
prefer people who initially have negative feelings about us but change to positive (more than those consistently positive) AND
we dislike those with initially positive feelings about us then change to negative
social exchange theory
more likely to remain in a relationship when rewards are greater than cost
balance theory
relationship between: person, another person, and third person or idea, event, object
self-verification theory
people prefer others who provide them with accurate info about themselves (consistent with self-evaluations)
children show an AWARENESS of racial difference by age _____, but understand race as a physical, social, and biological category at age ____
awareness by age 3-4
deeper understanding at age 10
benefits of HRT
alleviate mood swings
decrease likelihood of osteoporosis
reduce/eliminate hot flashes
does not have effect on libido
neo-Piagetians
use information processing to explain shortcomings of Piaget’s theory
Holland’s Self-Directed Search (SDS) scores
commonness – of score with standardization sample
consistency –distance between first two RIASEC code letters (closer together = higher consistency)
coherence – degree to which interests are in same category
congruence – between expressed and measured interest
APA can take disciplinary action against a psychologist after conviction of _______
a felony (does not apply to misdemeanors)
TAT scoring
needs (internal determinants of behavior)
press (environmental determinants of behavior)
thema (interactions between needs and press)
types of cost analysis
cost-benefit – relative costs and benefits of an intervention
cost-utility – costs and patient outcomes (includes quality duration and of life)
cost-feasibility – determines feasibility of an intervention based on resources it requires
cost-minimization – identifies the least costly alternative
approach-avoidance conflict
BOTH increase as event gets closer
but negative increases MORE
Depression vs Anxiety – how to tell difference
negative affect –> similar in both
Positive affect – higher in anxiety
Autonomic Arousal – higher in anxiety
situational leadership
high ability, high willingness –> delegating (can be trusted to do assigned tasks independently)
high ability, low willingness –> participating (have ability, but need their participation)
low ability, high willingness –> selling (novices need to be sold on the task)
low ability, low willingness –> telling (can’t trust to do it themselves)
neurotransmitters linked to Social Phobia
serotonin and dopamine
holophrastic speech begins at age ____
telegraphic speech begins at age ____
holophrastic = 12-18 mos (one word) telegraphic = 18-24 mos (two words)
ADHD – low metabolic activity in ____ and ____.
prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia
Lever #1 = VI-30
Lever#2 = VI-60
What is the ratio of Lever #1 taps by pigeon?
Lever #1 tapped twice as often as Lever #2
2 times out of 3 = 2/3
Structural Family Therapy (techniques)
–marking boundaries
–escalating stress
–utilizing symptoms
–manipulating mood
(criticized for no empathy)
Motivational Interviewing (OARS) goal:
help client resolve ambivalence toward change
Motivational Interviewing (techniques)
–simple reflection
–double-sided reflection
–amplified reflection
–summary statements
(Communicates empathy)
Left-Right confusion due to:
lesion in left parietal lobe Gerstmann Syndrome (also dysgraphia, dyscalculia, finger agnosia)
MDD requires ____ duration of Sx
2 weeks
Satir’s family therapy emphasizes:
styles of communication (5)
- -placater
- -blamer
- -super-reasonable
- -irrelevant
- -incongruent
PTSD Sx clusters
intrusion
avoidance
cognition/mood
arousal/reactivity
Delusional Disorder requires ____ delusions for at least ____.
one or more delusions
for at least one month
Substance Use Disorder domains
impaired control
social impairment
risky use
pharmacological criteria
Tourette’s syndrome due to excessive activity of dopamine receptors in ____
caudate nucleus
