Lifecycles - Specific Findings Flashcards
alpha-fetoprotein
Tumor marker - Yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumor of infants/young children
Schiller-Duval bodies
Seen in 50% of yolk sac (endodermal sinus) tumors of infants/young children
17-hydroxyprogesterone
Intermediate metabolic product in the conversion of pregnenolone to mineralocorticoids and cortisol
Elevated levels seen in 21-hydroxylase deficiency
“Coffee bean” nucleus
Classical finding associated with Brenner ovarian tumor
Honeycomb uterus
Ultrasound finding classic for molar pregnancy
“Cluster of grapes” structure
Ultrasound finding classic for molar pregnancy
Specific treatment for HER2+ breast cancers
Trastuzumab (Herceptin)
Paget Cells
Large cells seen in the epidermis surrounded by a clear halo
If seen in the breast, suggestive of underlying malignancy
If seen in the vulva, NOT associated with underlying malignancy
Maternal serum screening findings - Edwards Disease
Decreased AFP, bHCG, and Estriol
Normal Inhibin A
Koilocytes
Cells with wrinkled, “raisin-like” nuclei and a zone of perinuclear clearing (“halo”)
Pathognomonic for HPV-associated lesions:
Condyloma (HPV 6, 11)
Cervical dysplasia/carcinoma (HPV 16, 18)
What pathological condition of a fetus is associated with elevated AFP in the amniotic fluid / maternal serum?
Neural tube defect
Signet ring cells
Mucin-secreting cells
Key finding in Krukenberg Tumor - metastatic adenocarcinoma of the stomach to the ovaries bilaterally
Trichomonas - PE & Lab Findings
Vaginitis with foul-smelling, greenish, froshy discharge
Friable (“Strawberry”) Cervix
Motile cells on wet prep
Lab findings in PCOS
LH : FSH ratio > 2.1 : 1 in the first 5 days of the cycle
Elevated androgens, both testosterone (ovarian) and DHEA-S (adrenal)
Klinefelter Syndrome - Karyotype finding
Genotype 47 XXY
Inactivated X chromosome (Barr body) seen on karyotype
Klinefelter Syndrome - Lab findings
Slightly low testosterone with elevated LH
Indicates primary hypogonadism
“String of Pearls” appearance of ovaries on US
This is a finding seen in PCOS
The “string of pearls” are actually peripherally located follicular cysts
Reinke’s Crystals
Commonly seen with Leydig cell tumors of the testicle
Pre-natal screening findings consistent with Down Syndrome
First trimester ultrasound shows increased nuchal translucency and hypoplastic nasal bone
Second trimester Quad screen shows:
Decreased AFP
Increased B-hCG
Decreased Estriol
Increased Inhibin A
Prenatal screening findings consistent with Edwards syndrome
Second trimester Quad screen shows:
Decreased AFP, B-hCG, estriol, and decreased/normal inhibin A
Prenatal screening findings consistent with Patau syndrome
First trimester pregnancy screen shows:
Decreased B-hCG
Decreased PAPP-A
Increased nuchal translucency
Call-Exner Bodies
Histological structures resembling primordial ovarian follicles
Classic histological finding in Granulosa cell ovarian cancer
What is the “Discriminatory threshold” for b-HCG?
1,500-2,000 IU/uL
Above this level, and intrauterine gestational sac can usually be visualized by trans-vaginal ultrasound; its absence is highly suggestive of ectopic pregnancy
At what rate does b-HCG increase?
b-hCG usually doubles every 1.5 to 2 days up to 7 weeks of pregnancy; increases at a slower rate may indicate non-viable pregnancy
Endometrial stripe
A region of thickened endometrial tissue visualized by altered echogenicity on US
Often seen in the setting of post-menopausal exposure to unopposed estrogen; concerning for Granulosa cell tumor
