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Step 1 > Infectious Disease - Specific Findings > Flashcards

Infectious Disease - Specific Findings Flashcards

1
Q

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)

A

Gram positive cocci arranged in clusters

Catalase positive - increased susceptibility in granulomatous disease

Coagulase positive - coagulase cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin causing clotting and formation of fibrin clot around infection leading to abscess thayer

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2
Q

Red Man Syndrome

A

Drug reaction to rapid infusion of Vancomycin mediated by non-specific degranulation of mast cells; characterized by diffuse flushing / erythematous rash of the face, neck, and upper torso

Prevented with slower infusion and pre-treatment with anti-histamines

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3
Q

Thayer-Martin agar

A

AKA VPN Media

Chocolate agar plate suffused with vancomycin (inhibits gram positive organisms), polymixin (inhibits gram negative organisms except for Neisseria), and nystatin (inhibits fungi); suppresses the growth of endogenous flora while supporting growth of N. gonorrhoeae

Gold standard for diagnosis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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4
Q

Lowenstein-Jensen agar

A

Used to culture mycobacterium tuberculosis

Selects against gram positive bacteria in respiratory flora

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5
Q

MacConkey agar

A

Used to culture lactose-fermenting enteric bacter (E. coli, Klebsiella) commonly found in UTIs

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6
Q

Bordet-Gengou (Potato) agar

A

Used to culture Bordetella Pertussis

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7
Q

Erythema migrans

A

Red bullseye rash, specific for early phase of Lyme disease

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8
Q

Roth spots

A

Round, white spots on the retina, surrounded by hemorrhage

Associated w/ bacterial endocarditis

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9
Q

Janeway lesions

A

Small, painless, erythematous lesions on palms or soles

Associated with bacterial endocarditis

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10
Q

Thumbprint sign

A

Thickening of the epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds

Associated with epiglottitis, often caused by H. flu

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11
Q

UTI - Urine Labs

A

+ Leukocyte Esterase (Bacterial)
+ Nitrites (Gram negative)
+ Urease (Klebsiella, Proteus)
- Urease (E. coli, enterobacter)

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12
Q

Morulae

A

“Berry-like” cytoplasmic inclusions in macrophages / neutrophils

Associated with Erlichosis (Erlichia Chaffeensis infection)

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13
Q

Charcoal yeast extract agar

A

Gold standard for growth of Legionella (i.e. respiratory legionellosis / Legionnaire’s disease)

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14
Q

Strawberry cervix

A

Associated with trichomonas vaginalis

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15
Q

Pneumonia in neonates (< 4 weeks) - Common pathogens

A

Group B. Strep

E. coli

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16
Q

Pneumonia in children - Common pathogens

A 
Viruses (RSV) 
Mycoplasma
C. trachomatis (infants - 3 years) 
C. pneumoniae (school-aged children)
S. pneumoniae
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17
Q

Pneumonia in adults (18-40, 40-65)) - Common pathogens

A

Mycoplasma
C. pneumoniae
S. pneumoniae

+ in older adults (40-65)
H. influenzae
Anaerobes
Viruses

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18
Q

Pneumonia in the elderly - Common pathogens

A 
S. pneumoniae 
Influenza virus
Anaerobes
H. influenzae
Gram negative rods
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19
Q

Black colonies on cystine-tellurite agar

A

Corynebacterium diptheria (gram positive rod)

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20
Q

HBsAg / anti-HBsAg

A

HBsAg = HBV surface antigen; indicates active HBV infection

Anti-HBsAg indicates immunity to HBV

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21
Q

HBcAg

A

HBcAg = HBV core antigen

Anti-HbcAg (IgM) = acute / recent infection

Anti-HbcAg (IgG) = prior / chronic infection

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22
Q

HbeAg

A

HBeAg = HBV core antigen which is a marker of active viral replication / high transmissability

anti-HbEAg - indicates low transmissability

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23
Q

CSF findings in Polio

A

Elevated WBCs, slightly elevated protein

Normal glucose

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24
Q

Histologic findings in chlamydia conjunctivitis

A

Epithelial cells of the conjunctival lining show basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions, which are representative of the organism C. trachomatis itself

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25
Q

“Violin string” adhesions

A

Adhesions between the liver capsule and the peritoneum

Seen in “Fitz-Hugh-Curtis” syndrome - infection of the liver capsule by C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhea secondary to pelvic inflammatory disease

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26
Q

Common causes of meningitis - Newborn (0-6 months)

A

Group B streptococci
E. coli
Listeria

27
Q

Common causes of meningitis - Children (6 months - 6 years)

A

S. pneumoniae
N. meningitidis
H. influenza
Enteroviruses (esp. Coxsackievirus)

28
Q

Common causes of meningitis in adolescents and adults (6 - 60 years)

A

S. pneumonia
N. meningitidis (#1 in teens)
Enteroviruses
HSV-2

29
Q

Common causes of meningitis in the elderly (60+)

A

S. pneumoniae
Gram negative rods
Listeria

30
Q

Viral causes of meningitis

A 
Enteroviruses (esp. Coxsackievirus) 
HSV-2 
HIV
West Nile Virus 
VZV
31
Q

Pulmonary Aspergillosis - CT and culture findings

A

CT shows “air crescent sign” - represents the presence of air between Aspergillus-infected and normal tissue

Culture shows 45-degree branching septated hyphae with rare fruiting bodies

32
Q

Most common cause of osteomyelitis - in general?

A

S. aureus

33
Q

Most common cause of osteomyelitis - in IDUs and diabetics?

A

Pseudomonas

Serratia

34
Q

Most common cause of osteomyelitis - in Sickle Cell Anemia?

A

Salmonella

35
Q

Most common cause of osteomyelitis with vertebral involvement (Pott’s Disease)?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

36
Q

Most common cause of osteomyelitis with prosthetic joint involvement?

A

S. aureus

S. epidermidis

37
Q

Most common cause of osteomyelitis in sexually active adults?

A

N. gonorrhea

38
Q

Koplik Spots

A

Blue/white lesions of the buccal mucosa

Seen in primary measles infection

39
Q

Cowdry A Inclusion Bodies

A

Seen in biopsies of Varicella Zoster (Shingles) lesions

Appear as intranuclear, eosinophilic inclusions surrounded by a clear halo

40
Q

Bordatella Pertusis - Culture requirements

A

Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar

41
Q

Bacterial meningitis - Most common organisms in young adults (2)

A

Strep pneumo

N. meningiditis

42
Q

Red pigment observed in UTI culture - what’s the pathogen?

A

Serratia - gram negative bacillus commonly causing nosocomial UTI

43
Q

Clue Cells

A

Vaginal epithelial cells coated in bacteria (Gardenella vaginalis)

Classic microscopic finding of bacterial vaginosis

44
Q

Bacterial pneumonia occurring secondary to influenza - most common pathogens? (3)

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Staphylococcus aureus
H. influenzae

45
Q

Neonatal conjunctivitis - how to differentiate 2 common causes?

A

Presents as inflammation, swelling around the eyelids, and purulent yellow discharge

Chlamydia trachomatis - sx begin 5-14 days after birth

Neisseria gonorrhoeae - sx present 2-5 days after birth

46
Q

CMV Retinitis

A

Presents with rapidly diminishing sight - loss of central vision with floaters and blind spots

Fundoscopic exam demonstratates necrotizing retinitis, perivascular hemorrhages, and retinal detachment

47
Q

Maculopapular rash on the palms & soles - Associated diseases

A

Secondary syphilis
Cocksackie A virus
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

48
Q

Which bacterial exotoxins work by ADP-ribosylation of EF-2?

A

Diptheria

Pseudomonas

49
Q

What is the mechanism of Shiga toxin, and in which diseases is it seen?

A

Shiga toxin inactivates ribosomes, leading to inhibition of protein synthesis and cell death

Causes hemolytic uremic syndrome including renal failure, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, DIC, thrombocytopenia

Seen in Shigella infection and Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)

50
Q

“Slapped cheeks”

A

AKA erythema infectiosum - blanchable erythema on the cheeks with perioral pallor

Seen in “Fifth Disease” caused by Parvovirus B19; rash appears after fever has resolved

51
Q

“Strawberry tongue”

A

Scarlet fever
Kawasaki Disease
Toxic Shock Syndrome

52
Q

Flavivirus

A

Enveloped, positive sense, single-stranded RNA virus

HCV
Yellow Fever 
Dengue 
St. Louis encephalitis 
West Nile Virus

Part of the Arbovirus classification (except HCV)

53
Q

Filoviruses

A

Enveloped, negative-sense, single stranded RNA Virus

Ebola
Marburg

54
Q

Paramyxoviruses

A

Enveloped, negative-sense, single stranded RNA Viruses

Parainfluenza
RSV
Measles
Mumps

55
Q

Rhabdoviruses

A

Enveloped, single stranded, negative sense RNA virus

Rabies

56
Q

Picornaviruses

A

Non-enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus

Rhinovirus
Poliovirus

57
Q

Coronaviruses

A

Enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA Viruses

SARS
MERS

58
Q

Orthomyxoviruses

A

Enveloped, negative-sense, single stranded RNA virus genome in 8 segments

Influenza

59
Q

Bunyavirus

A

Enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus

California encephalitis
Hantavirus

60
Q

Romana Sign

A

Unilateral periorbital swelling

Characteristic of the acute phase of Chagas Disease

61
Q

Urease positive organisms

A 
Staphylococcus
Ureaplasma
Proteus
Klebsiella
Pseudomonas
62
Q

Is candida germ tube positive or germ tube negative?

A

Germ tube positive

63
Q

Special stain for identification of Bartonella henslae

A

Warthrin-Starry stain shows gram-negative proteobacterium

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