Life Stages Flashcards
What is meant by life stages?
The different ages of life and the changes that happen within each stage.
How would you divide the human lifespan into stages?
- infancy
- childhood
- adolescence
- early adulthood
- middle adulthood
- later adulthood
What are the ages for birth and infancy?
0-2 years.
What are the key features of birth and infancy?
- infants grow rapidly reaching approximately half their adult height by the time they are 2
- at around the age of 1 they can walk
- by the age of 2 they can run
What are the ages of early childhood?
3-8 years.
What are the key features of early childhood?
- children continue to grow at a steady pace
- they develop strength and coordination
What are the ages of adolescence?
9-18 years.
What are the key features of adolescence?
- adolescence experiences growth spurts
- they develop sexual characteristics during puberty
What are the ages of early adulthood?
19-45 years.
What are the key features of early adulthood?
- young adults reach the peak of their physical fitness
What are the ages of middle adulthood?
45-65 years.
What are the key features of middle adulthood?
- the ageing process begins with some loss of strength and stamina
- women go through menopause
What are the ages of later adulthood?
65 years +
What are the key features of later adulthood?
- the ageing process continues with gradual loss of mobility
- older adults will experience a loss of height of up to a few cm
What is the definition of development?
The complex changes that happen as a child or adolescence gets older. This includes skills, abilities and capabilities of an individual.
What is the definition of growth?
The increase in a measurable quantity. For example, height or weight or other dimensions like number of teeth.
What is holistic development?
P - physical
I - intellectual
E - emotional
S - social
What are the permanent reflexes of a baby?
- breathing reflex
- eye blink reflex
- swallow reflex
- pupillary reflex
What are the neonatal reflexes of a baby?
- swimming reflex
- stepping reflex
- babinski reflex
- sucking reflex
- tonic neck reflex
- palmer grasp reflex
- rooting reflex
- galant reflex
- moro reflex
What is the definition of gross motor skills?
They are large movements, involving the bigger muscles, which require mobility and coordination.
What are the fine motor grips?
- fist grip
- four finger grip
- pincer grip
What are the gross motor skills for a new born?
- breathing reflex
- sucking reflex
What are the fine motor skills for a new born?
- bringing hand to mouth
- sucks on hand
What are the gross motor skills for a 1 month old?
- opens and shuts hands
What are the fine motor skills for a 1 month old?
- stare at bright objects
What are the gross motor skills for a 3 month old?
- stretches and kicks
What are the fine motor skills for a 3 month old?
- lifts head
- moves arms together and apart
What are the gross motor skills for a 6 month old?
- sits with support
- rolls both ways
- supports weight on legs
What are the fine motor skills for a 6 month old?
- grasps and holds objects
- takes objects to mouth
- holds bottle
What are the gross motor skills for a 9-10 month old?
- sits and plays with toys
- crawls on belly
- sitting to crawling
What are the fine motor skills for a 9-10 month old?
- pincer grasp
- transfers objects to other hand
What are the gross motor skills for a 12-13 month old?
- hands and knees position
- pulls self up to stand
- takes steps holding on
What are the fine motor skills for a 12-13 month old?
- can hold 2 small objects
- grabs crayons
- fisted grip
What are the gross motor skills for an 18 month old?
- crawl upstairs
- self sits in chair
- push and pull force
What are the fine motor skills for an 18 month old?
- build a tower with blocks
- turn knobs
- scribble
What are the gross motor skills for a 2 year old?
- walking up and downstairs
- changing direction
- picking up toys
What are the fine motor skills for a 2 year old?
- throw a ball
- paint on paper
- put hat on head
What are the gross motor skills for a 2 1/2 year old?
- jump
- catch a ball
- ride a bike with stabilisers
What are the fine motor skills for a 2 1/2 year old?
- carry toys whilst walking
What are the gross motor skills for a 3 year old?
- able to manoeuvre around and catch a ball
What are the fine motor skills for a 3 year old?
- building a tower of 3-5 small blocks
- holding a crayon with thumb and fingers
What are the gross motor skills for a 4 year old?
- balances and controls tricycle
What are the fine motor skills for a 4 year old?
- tracing on thick lines
- holding a pencil with thumb and fingers on opposite sides of the pencil
What are the gross motor skills for a 5 year old?
- climbs
- skips
- hops
What are the fine motor skills for a 5 year old?
- cutting along a line continuously
- writing their name
What are the gross motor skills for a 6 year old?
- catching a small ball using hands only
What are the fine motor skills for a 6 year old?
- cutting out simple shapes
- writing numbers 1-10 independently
What are the gross motor skills for a 7 year old?
- ride 2 wheel bike
- move in time to the beat or rhythm of music
What are the fine motor skills for a 7 year old?
- writing on lines
- pencil control
What are primary sexual characteristics?
Organs and cells that are present at birth but don’t develop until puberty.
What are secondary sexual characteristics?
They develop during puberty, outward signs of growing from a child into adulthood.
What are the female primary characteristics?
- uterus enlarges and the vagina lengthens
- ovaries begin to release
- menstrual cycle begins
What are the female secondary characteristics?
- breasts enlarges
- areola [nipple area] enlarges, darkens and then breasts grow
- pubic hair grows
What are the male primary characteristics?
- enlargement of penis and testes
- spontaneous erections caused by blood flow into chambers
- testicles produce sperm, beginning of ejaculation
What are the male secondary characteristics?
- hair growth
What is perimenopause?
They happen 6-10 years before the menopause.
What are the physiological symptoms of perimenopause?
- anger
- anxiety
- depression
- irritability
- dizziness
- fatigue
- mood swings
- difficulty concentrating
What are the physical symptoms of perimenopause?
- hot flushes
- night sweats
- reduced libido
- weight gain
- urinary incontinence
- vaginal dryness
- bloating
What is a middle aged spread?
The fat that may accumulate around the abdomen in the middle age.
What is muscle decline?
Hormones decreases muscle tone and strength.
What is skin elasticity reduction?
The skin gets thinner, drier, and less elastic, and less able to protect itself from damage.
What does a receding gumline cause?
It causes sensitivity, infections and tooth loss as they become lose.
What are the menopause?
When women stop having periods, there is a decrease in oestrogen. There is an increase in gonadotropins which means they try to stimulate the failing egg production. This causes menopause symptoms. [night sweats/hot flushes]
What is osteoperosis?
The lower oestrogen levels, the lower the bone density is likely to be. This means that its easy to break and slower to mend.
What happens if there is a decrease in oestrogen and progesterone?
It causes a shrinking of sexual organs such as the vagina and it can impact on the libido.
How is sensorineural hearing loss caused?
It’s caused by deterioration to the sensitive hair cells inside the inner ear or damage to the auditory nerve.
How is conductive hearing loss caused?
It happens when sounds are unable to pass from your outer ear to your inner ear. This is often because of a blockage [ear wax] which often happens in older age.
How is deterioration of sight caused?
Visual impairment is caused by a number of problems but in old age it tends to be the weakening of the muscles.
How does mobility issues occur?
This is due to cartilage in our joints wearing away.
How does loss of height occur?
Cartilage becomes worn, brittle and gets less. Also, your spine is 1/3 cartilage, so height is lost due to the spine compacting.
How does incontinence problems occur?
Muscles at the bladder weaken resulting in wetting and pooing themselves.
How is there an increased risk of cancer?
Body deterioration meaning weakened body and immune system.
What happens to your immune system as you get older?
It gets weaker and more immune to illness and flu.
