Cognitive/Intellectual Flashcards
What is intellectual development?
It’s about learning. It is how individuals organise their minds, ideas and thoughts to make sense of the world they live in.
What is physical development?
It’s through the senses by touching, tasting, smelling, listening and playing.
What is cognitive development?
It’s the construction of thought processes. This includes remembering, problem solving, and decision making, from childhood through adolescence to childhood.
What are the aspects to intellectual development?
- language development
- problem solving
- memory
- moral development
- abstract thoughts/creative thinking
Language development:
Essential for organising thoughts.
Problem solving:
Important skill requires both to work things out and to make predictions.
Memory:
Required for storing, recalling and retrieving information.
Moral development:
Allows reasoning and making choices and informs the individuals how to act in particular situations and how to act towards self and others.
Abstract thoughts/creative thinking:
Essential for thinking and discussing situations and events that can’t be observed.
What is language acquisition?
The process by which people acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language, as well as to produce and use words and sentences to communicate.
What is language acquisition device?
A hypothetical module of the humans mind to account for children’s innate predisposition for language acquisition. LAD is an instinctive mental capacity which enables an infant to acquire and produce language.
What are the stages of language acquisition?
1] The pre linguistic period
2] The holophrastic period
3] The telegraphic period
4] The complex period
What is the ages in the pre linguistic period?
Birth - 10 months old.
What is the ages in the holophrastic period?
12 months - 18 months.
What is the ages in the telegraphic period?
2 years - 3 years.
What is the ages in the complex period?
3 years - 5 years.
What are encouraging language development for infants?
- blowing bubbles
- counting each step on stairs
- looking at picture books
- joining in with rhymes and songs
What are encouraging language development for young children?
- taking part in listening groups
- taking part in speaking groups
- play word games and riddles
- sharing personal stories and rhymes
What did Chompsky’s theory say?
- learning a language is a natural rather than a self taught process
- every child has a LAD
- children all follow a broadly similar sequence in their development of language
What are critics of Chompsky’s theory?
- not enough scientific evidence to back up the theory
- underestimates the importance of social interaction
- didn’t consider children who experience delayed language for a different number of reasons
What is nature?
Maturation of brain and body; motor skills, crawl, walk, the ability to perceive, learn and act.
What is nurture?
Adaptation, children respond to the demands of the environment in ways that meet their own goals. They need to learn to survive.
What are Piaget’s theory stages?
- sensorimotor
- preoperational
- concrete operational
- formal operational
Sensorimotor ages:
Birth - 2 years old.
Preoperational ages:
2 years - 7 years old.
Concrete operational ages:
7 years - 11 years old.
Formal operational ages:
Adolescence - adulthood.
What did Piaget’s theory say?
- children recognise when schemas are inaccurate and adapt them through the two processes of accommodation and assimilation
- he argued that younger children don’t have the capabilities to think in the same way as older children
- he also argued that children have to go through a process of cognitive development in order to achieve the abilities of an older child or adult
What are critics of Piaget’s theory?
- development doesn’t always follow a smooth and predictable path
- observations were based on a small number of children
- children are less egocentric than Piaget suggested
- theory doesn’t take into account a child’s environment
What are the brain power foods?
- water
- almonds
- oranges
- blueberries
- strawberries
- blackberries
- pecans
- dark chocolate
- tea
Intellectual development of a 3 month old:
- smiles
- coos
- gurgles
- cries
Intellectual development of a 6 month old:
- begins to recognise patterns
- starts to babble
- puts objects in mouth
Intellectual development of a 9 month old:
- listens and copies sounds
Intellectual development of a 12 month old:
- understands simple commands
- starts using holophrases
Intellectual development of an 18 month old:
- uses 20 or more identifiable words
- recognises pictures
Intellectual development of 2-2 1/2 years old:
- uses telegraphic speech
- names some colours
- draws lines
- reasoning skills develop
Intellectual development of 3-4 years old:
- counts to 10
- begins to ask a lot of questions
Intellectual development of 4-5 years old:
- enjoys jokes
- talks about past and future
- understanding of simple rules develop
What is lack of conservation?
The inability to realise that some things remain constant or unchanged despite changes in their visible appearance.
What is egocentrism?
The difficulty in understanding that others do not see, think and feel like you do.
What happens at sensorimotor stage?
- infant only knows world by immediate senses and the motor senses it performs
- infant lacks internal mental schema
- infant lacks object performance [fails to see or act on ‘hidden’ objects
What happens at preoperational stage?
- child begins to add and create new schemas
- they fail to be able to carry out logical operations and show concentration
What happens at concrete operational stage?
- child is able to carry out mental operations [liquid conserve experiment]
- child can complete class inclusion tasks and 3 mountain task successfully
What happens at formal operational stage?
- ideas can be manipulated in head
- reasoning deductions can be carried out on verbal statements
- can think about hypothetical problems [planning a bus journey]
- consequences considered and things planned in advance
