Life Sciences 2 - Test 3 - Extra Long Answer Questions Flashcards
What are the 4 types of Vaccines, what to they involve and provide an example.
Live attenuated: These use a weakened form of a live pathogen that can still replicate, but doesn’t cause disease. They produce a strong immune response. Require 1 – 2 doses. Examples: rotavirus, varicella.
Inactivated: Contain pathogens killed by heat, chemicals, or radiation. They cannot replicate, so the immune response is weaker, often requiring boosters.
Examples: Hepatitis A, rabies.
Subunit: Contain killed, antigenic component of pathogen, such as surface proteins, to trigger an immune response without live components, making them safer.
Examples: Pneumococcal, HPV.
Toxoid: Contain inactivated toxins made by pathogen. The immune system learns to neutralise the real toxin if exposed later. It may require booster shots.
Examples: Diphtheria, tetanus.
Which infectious disease has been known as the deadliest, per population capita? Describe its cause, host, disease transmission and symptoms.
The Black Death.
Caused by gram negative bacteria. Yersinia Pestis
Host is a rodent.
Disease was transmitted by fleas which bite rodents and infect them with the disease. Fleas then bite humans. Human transmit to human via respiratory droplets in pneumonic form.
Symptoms include: vomiting swollen lymph nodes.
By which transmission methods are individuals infected with cholera? How does the disease could potentially lead to death?
Cholera is caused by a gram-negative bacteria, Vibrio cholera. It is water borne, transmitted by drinking contaminated water or eating contaminated food (e.g. salads)
The bacteria invades the small intestine, releases toxin causing massive fluid loss via diarrhea, leading to profound dehydration (loss of water, electrolytes including sodium, chloride, potassium and bicarbonate) and death.
