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Fall 2014 > Life Science 1 > Flashcards

Life Science 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 things are essential to all life?

A

energy and water

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2
Q

What is energy?

A

the ability to do work

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of energy?

A

Kinetic and Potential

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4
Q

What is Kinetic Energy?

A

the energy that a body possesses by virtue of being in motion

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5
Q

What is Potential Energy?

A

he energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position relative to others, stresses within itself, electric charge, and other factors

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6
Q

How do living organisms get their energy?

A

by making their own food or acquiring it from an outside source (Autotrophs and Heterotrophs)

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7
Q

What is an Autotroph?

A

living organisms that can make their own food Ex: plants

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8
Q

What is a Heterotroph?

A

living organisms that quire their food from an outside source

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9
Q

What are the 2 types of Heterotrophs?

A

Consumers and decomposers

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10
Q

What is a consumer?

A

living organisms that eat their food Ex: mammals, insects, reptiles

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11
Q

What is a decomposer?

A

living organism absorbs their own food Ex: bacteria, fungi

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12
Q

What are the 2 main laws of energy?

A

1st Law of Thermodynamics and 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

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13
Q

What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?

A

matter and energy can not be created nor destroyed but may be changed in form

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14
Q

What is every living thing’s #1 job assignment?

A

to get energy outside of yourself

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15
Q

What is matter formed of?

A

elements

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16
Q

What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?

A

the amount of free (organized) energy in the universe is declining

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17
Q

What is entropy?

A

the measure of disorganized energy

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18
Q

How does energy leave an organism?

A

through heat

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19
Q

What does most of the biggest animals eat?

A

plants (autotrophs)

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20
Q

What is the greatest user of energy?

A

metabolism

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21
Q

What is another name for the water cycle?

A

hydrocycle

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22
Q

Name the bonds from strongest to weakest.

A

Ionic, Covalent, and Hydrogen

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23
Q

Which bond will bend before it will break?

A

hydrogen

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24
Q

What are the only naturally occurring liquid found on Earth?

A

Water and mercury

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25
Q

What are the 5 unique properties of water?

A

1) water has a high specific heat 2) water has a high heat of vaporization 3) water has a high heat of fusion 4) water is most dense at 4°C 5) water has a high surface tension

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26
Q

How many calories does it typically take to change 1 degree?

A

1 calorie per gram of water 1 cal/ 1g/ 1°C

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27
Q

What is acclimation?

A

physiological adjustment by an organism to environmental change Ex: aquatic animals in water, water temp changes gradually

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28
Q

How many calories does it take for the temperature to go from 100°C to 101°C?

A

540 cal per gram of water 540 cal / 1g

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29
Q

How many calories does it take for the temperature to go from 0°C to -1°C?

A

80 cal per gram of water 80 cal/ 1g

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30
Q

What degree is water most dense at?

A

4°C

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31
Q

Where on Earth is there barely any wind?

A

around the equator

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32
Q

What is Ecology?

A

the study of living organisms and their relationship to the environment

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33
Q

Name and describe the relationships of ecology.

A
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34
Q

Name the reasons humans have a disproportionate effect on the environment.

A

1) Human Population - is growing exponetially
2) Limiting Factors - don’t affect human populations in the way they effect other populations
3) Human Technology -

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35
Q

Who coined the term ecology?

A

Ernst Hackel in 1869

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36
Q

Name each ecology group from cells to biosphere.

A

Cells

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37
Q

Where do the ecology start?

A

anything after organisms

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38
Q

Name the 8 characteristics of populations.

A

1) size - expressed by number
2) density - number/ area; number/ volume
3) distributions - 3 types
4) dispersal rate
5) population growth - growth rates
6) age distributions
7) populations interact with other populations
8) Niche overlap and competitive

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39
Q

Name the 3 types of distributions.

A

uniform, random, clumped

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40
Q

Which type of distribution is the least and most common?

A

least - uniform

most - clumped

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41
Q

Can distribution change over time?

A

yes, for example: migration

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42
Q

What is dispersal rate?

A

how fast a species can cover a territory

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43
Q

What is the equation for growth rates?

A

r = B - D

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44
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

the max number of individuals that can be sustained indefinitely

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45
Q

What are the 2 types of growth patterns?

A

density dependent and density independent

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46
Q

What is density dependent growth patterns?

A
  • Limiting factors dependent on density
  • higher population → more likely for disease
  • higher population → less food/ water
  • higher population → less area
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47
Q

What is denistiy independent of a growth patterns?

A
  • limiting factors not dependent on density
  • ex: natural disasters- blizzards, fire, floods
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48
Q

What are the 4 types of populations the interact with other popultions?

A

1) predator - prey
2) parasite - host
3) commensalism
4) mutualism

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49
Q

What is a predator - prey relationship?

A
  • a relationship where one is benefitted and one is greatly harmed
  • improves genetics of prey
  • drives evolution of predators
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50
Q

What is a parasite - host relationship?

A

a relationship where one is benefitted and one is harmed

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51
Q

Describe commensualism.

A

a relationship where on species is benefitted and one is unaffected

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52
Q

Describe mutualism.

A
  • both species benefit and depend on each other
  • one cannot live with out the other
  • when one species go extinct, about 6 others go extinct because of it
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53
Q

What is niche overlap and competative exclusion?

A

no 2 species can live in the same niche, at the same place, at the same time

54
Q

What do you call animals out during the daytime?

A

diurnal

55
Q

What so you call animals out during the night time?

A

nocturnal

56
Q

What do call animals out during dusk and dawn?

A

crepuscular

57
Q

What is a community?

A

2 or more populations living together

58
Q

What are 2 types of succession in a communities?

A

1) primary (1 stage)
2) secondary (several stages)

59
Q

What is consider primary in a community?

A
  • takes place on bare
  • lichens - algae and fungus living together
60
Q

What is considered secondary in a community?

A

moss → grass → small plants → small woody plants → trees

61
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A
  • 2 or more communities plus non-living factors (abiotic factors)
  • can be big or small
  • can be connected to another ecosystem
62
Q

Name an ecosystem -

A
  • Tennessee River
  • Florida Glades
63
Q

What 3 things do an ecosystem need?

A

1) producers
2) consumers
3) decomposers

64
Q

What is a Biome?

A
  • a system of ecosystems living together
  • are formed by temperature and rainfall
65
Q

Describe the biome map.

A
  • hottest away around the tropical rain forrest

~ around the equator where the air is warm

~ as you move away from the equator, it gets dryer

66
Q

What are the 9 biomes?

A

1) Tundra
2) Tiaga
3) Temperate Grasslands
4) Temperate Deciduous
5) Mountains
6) Dessert
7) Tropical Rainforest
8) Tropical Grassland/ Savannah
9) Temperate

67
Q

Describe Tundra.

A
  • very cold, dry air
  • ground permenently frozen
  • animals: raindeer, artic fox, lemmings
  • plants: no plants with roots; lichens
68
Q

Describe Tiaga.

A
  • cold; 12 weeks of warm weather
  • warmer and wetter than Tiaga
  • pineneedle adaptation to prevent water loss
  • animals: moose, elk, squirrels, hawks, eagles
  • plants: evergreen trees
69
Q

Describe Temperate Grasslands.

A
  • harsh climates
  • constant winds
  • very cold winters; very hot summers
  • a wet season and a dry season
  • animals: praire dogs, snake, ferrets, buffalo
70
Q

Describe Temperate Deciduous.

A
  • trees loose leaves
  • not too cold or hot
  • most animals live in this area
71
Q

Describe Mountains.

A
  • changes different biomes as you go up
72
Q

Describe Dessert.

A
  • determined by rainfall
  • can be hot or cold

~ can be 120° during the day and 50° at night

~ because of no moisture

  • nearly all animals are nocturnal
  • animals have a major adaptation to kidneys to preserve water
  • most are in the shadow of a mountain
  • animals: camels, scorpians, mice
  • plants: catus

~trunk photosynthesize

73
Q

Describe Tropical Rainforest.

A
  • hot day and night
  • lots of moisture
  • over 50% of animals live here
  • 60% of oxygen
  • animals: monkeys, tucans, boas, andaconda
  • plants: mohogony, kapot
74
Q

Describe Tropical Grassland/ Savannah

A
  • a big part of Africa
  • clumps of trees
  • parts of it is deciduous forest
  • animals roam between the 2 areas
  • the animals are fast
  • hot
  • rainy and dry season
  • animals migrate
  • plants: akacia
75
Q

Describe Temperate Forest.

A
76
Q

What is the Biosphere?

A

total amount of life on earth

77
Q

What are the 2 types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

78
Q

Describe prokaryotic

A
  • no distinct nucleus
  • have RNA and DNA
  • have a cell wall
  • no mitochondria
  • smaller
  • no cell organelles
79
Q

Describe eukaryotic.

A
  • have a distinct nucleus
  • have DNA and RNA
  • may or may not have a cell wall
  • have mitochondria
  • bigger
  • has cell organelles
80
Q

Give examples of cell organelles.

A
  • endoplasmic reticular
  • golgi bodies
  • lysomes
81
Q

Name the 5 kingdoms

A

1) monera
2) protista
3) fungi
4) plantae
5) animalia

82
Q

Who came up with the 5 kingdoms?

A

R H Whittaker 1969

83
Q

How did Whittaker organize the 5 kingdoms?

A

by type of cell and mode of nutrition

84
Q

Who is Dr. Lynn Margulis?

A
  • “The the Endosymbiotic Theory”
  • no sunlight hit earth because of heavy cloud coverage
  • bacteria learned to use sunlight as energy (cynobacteria)
  • waste product was oxygen (deadly poison at that time)
  • population exploded
  • other bacteria had to evolve because of this
  • free living mitochondria
  • predators to other bacteria
  • other bacteria lived in groups to protect themselves (blob)
  • mitochondria started living in “blob”
  • discovered mitochondria had DNA
85
Q

Lable each kingdom’s type and mode of nutrition.

A

1) monera - single celled/ decomposers and producers
2) protista - mostly single celled/ consumers and producers
3) fungi - mostly multicelled/ decomposers
4) plantae - mostly multicelled/ producers
5) animalia - multicelled/ consumers

86
Q

Describe Viruses

A
  • not in kingdom because they are nonsellular
  • need cells to reproduce
  • include RNA viruses and DNA Viruses
87
Q

What is the Parvovirus?

A
  • not too bad in humans
  • can be fatel in animals
88
Q

What is the Papovirus?

A
  • worts; worts = tumor
  • high correlation with HPV
  • highly sensitive to sea temperatures
89
Q

What is Herpes?

A
  • never goes away
  • Simplex 1 - neck up

~reproduces by low immune system or stress

  • Simplex 2 - neck down
  • causes chicken pox
90
Q

What is the Pox Viruse?

A
  • shingles
  • smallpox - killed most people of all viruses

~ belived to be eradicated

91
Q

What is Enterovirus?

A
  • polio
  • still found in some African countries
92
Q

What is the Retoviruses?

A
  • leukemia
  • tumors
  • AIDs/ HIV

~ feeds on cells

~ uses T-cell (white blood cell) to reproduce

~ mainly gay man and drug users (needles), and people with hemophilia (infected blood supply)

~ already in Africa = called slims

~virus doesn’t kill you

~ weaker immune system does

93
Q

What is Rhinoviruses?

A
  • common cold
94
Q

What is the Togavirus?

A
  • yellow fever

~ get it by being bitten by mosquito

~affects liver

  • rubella “german measles”

~ only bad if pregnant

95
Q

What is the Influenza Virus?

A
  • flu
  • more common in dense areas
  • from pigs
96
Q

Describe Monera.

A
  • single celled
  • prokaryotic
  • no mitochondria
  • small
  • has a cell wall
  • reporduce by binary fission
  • it has heterotrophs (decomposers) and autotrophs (autotrophs and chemosynthetic)
97
Q

Name some examples of Monera.

A
  • coccus
  • bacillus
  • spirillum ~
98
Q

What is the difference between binaryfission and mitosis?

A
  • in mitosis you have a nucleus
  • in binary fission it does not
  • can see the stages of mitosis but not in binary fission
99
Q

Describe Protista.

A
  • mostly single celled
  • eukaryotic
  • heterotrophs (consumers) and autotrophs (producers)
  • consumers - amoeba, parameccium, euglena
  • producers - euglenids, Dinoflagellets, Diatoms, Desmid (all single celled)
100
Q

What are the different kinds of algae for Protista?

A

Red, Brown, and Green

101
Q

What is red algae?

A
  • photosynthetic pigment is red
  • major producer in marine communities
  • zooanthelle- the algae that lives on the coral reef
  • 2 products

~ geletin

~Agar- sterile liquid that solidifies to grow bacteria and mold on

102
Q

What is Zooanthelle?

A

red algae tha lives on the coral reef

103
Q

What is agar?

A

made from red algae; sterile liquid that solidifies to grow bacteria and mold on

104
Q

What 2 products are made from red algae?

A

geletin and agar

105
Q

Describe brown algae

A
  • usually bigger
  • Kelp - Haploid

~ can grow to 200ft

~floats on top

~because oxygen releases CO2

  • 1 product - algin

~ made from kelp

~ used in high priced ice cream

~ high priced pudding

~ salad dressings

  • Diploid - 2N gameophyte
  • Haploid - N sporophyte
106
Q

What product does brown algae make?

A

Algin

107
Q

Describe Green Algae.

A
  • fresh water algae
  • occurs in filiment, colonies, and sheets
  • m universally very slick
  • likes warm water and water with nutrient loads
  • death to coral because it kills red algae
108
Q

Describe Fungi.

A
  • decomposers
  • prokaryotic
  • includes saprobes and parasites
  • symbiotic relationship with plants
  • examples: soil fungus, food poisoning, nail fungus, mildew, jock itch,
109
Q

What is saprobes?

A

feeds on dead or dying organisms

110
Q

What are parasites?

A
111
Q

what is hyphae?

A

filiments that come off of bacteria in fungus that is coccus

112
Q

Describe Plantae.

A
  • multicellular
  • photosynthetic - autotroph
  • range in size
  • microscopic to over 100ft
  • most are vascular
113
Q

What is vasucular?

A
  • they have xylem and phylem
  • have the ability to be tall
114
Q

What are bryophytes?

A
  • mosses, liverwarts, hornwort
  • nonvascular land plants
  • no xylem or phylem
  • most most common
  • follows lichens in succession
  • sperm swims to egg
115
Q

describe ferns, lycophytes

A
  • seedless vascular plants
  • mostly found in wet, humid areas
116
Q

Who is John Muir?

A
  • founder of Sierra Club
117
Q

Who is Charles Darwin?

A
  • proved natural selection
  • father of evolution
118
Q

What is climatology?

A

climate makes weather

119
Q

What is ecology?

A

organisms and their relationship with their environment

120
Q

Who is Gregor Mendel?

A

Father of genetics

121
Q

What is albedo?

A

measure of reflectivity

122
Q

What is an endangered species?

A

Animals on the verge of extinction

123
Q

What are homsapians?

A

first humans

124
Q

What is ZPG?

A

Zero population growth

125
Q

What is mortality?

A

death rate

126
Q

What is natality?

A

birth rate

127
Q

Who is Aldo Leopold?

A

wrote the sand county almanac

128
Q

What is natural selection?

A

strongest survive

129
Q

Who is James D Watson?

A
  • discovered the double helix structure of the DNA molecule
  • won nobel prize
130
Q

Who is Frances Crick?

A
  • discovered the double helix structure of the DNA molecule
  • won nobel prize
131
Q

Who is Apt. James Cook?

A
  • first european to set foot on Hawaii
  • killed on hawaii
132
Q

What does HIPPO stand for?

A
  • why species become extinct
  • habitat destruction
  • invasive species
  • pollution
  • population
  • over-havesting

Fall 2014 (6 decks)

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