Life Requires Energy Flashcards by Emily Hemmer

What is energy?

Simple definition: motion

More complex: movement or potential to move

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the categories of energy?

Kinetic and Potential

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is potential energy? Explain.

Object is not moving but has the potential to, covalent bonds.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is kinetic energy?

motion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the forms of energy?

Mechanical, chemical, electrical, nuclear, electromagnetic, thermal

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the first property of energy?

Energy can change form

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the second property of energy?

Transfer of energy is never complete.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the first universal law of energy (thermodynamics)?

Energy can change in form (not created or destroyed)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the second law of energy (thermodynamics) ?

transfer of energy is not 100% efficient (never complete)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

All organisms have one type of chemical bond for energy, what is it?

ATP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How does simple diffusion work?

Passive movement, no energy required (small, non-polar molecules, high to low)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How does active transport work?

Required energy- molecules move from area of LOW to HIGH concentration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How does facilitated diffusion work?

Move via proteins, from high to low, no energy required- also passive

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is osmosis?

movement of water across cell membranes, from HIGH to LOW water concentrations, passive

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a hypertonic solution?

greater amount of solutes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a hypotonic solution?

less solutes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is an isotonic solution?

Equal solutes on both sides

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the primary source of energy on earth?

Sunlight

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the two different energy molecules in cells?

ATP and glucose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which form of energy molecules in cells is formed directly via sunlight?

ATP

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How does glucose compare to ATP?

smaller, easier to transport, stores many ATP in one glucose

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the equation (simple) for photosynthesis?

sunlight + water + carbon dioxide = oxygen + sugar

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O (chlorophyll and light)= C6H12O6 + 602

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where does the first reaction of photosynthesis occur?

Thylakoid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where does the second reaction of photosynthesis occur?

Stroma

What are the 2 pathways/parts of photosynthesis?

Light dependent and light independent

What is the input of light dependent photos.?

sunlight and H2O

What is the output of light dependent photos.?

ATP and oxygen

Where does light dependent photos. occur?

Thylakoids

What is the input of light independent photos.?

ATP and CO2

What is the output of light independent photos.?

glucose

Where does light independent photos. occur?

stroma

What is cellular respiration?

how organisms convert food back to ATP

What are the types of respiration?

aerobic, anaerobic

What is aerobic respiration?

respiration with oxygen

What is anaerobic respiration?

respiration without oxygen

What is the formula for aerobic respiration?

glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide, water, energy (ATP) - opposite of photosynthesis

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

C6H1206 + 602 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

What is the first part/pathway of aerobic respiration?

glycolysis

Where does the first step of aerobic respiration occur?

cytosol

What happens during glycolysis?

glucose (6 carbon) breaks down into two 3-carbon molecules

What is the net gain of glycolysis?

2 ATP

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

mitochondria

What does the first pathway of aerobic respiration release?

CO2, H+, e-, and 2 ATP

What is the 2nd pathway of aerobic respiration?

electron transport

What does electron transport produce?

32 ATP and H20

What are the inputs of respiration?

glucose and oxygen

Where does respiration occur?

cytosol and mitochondria

How much energy does glycolysis produce?

2 ATP

How much energy does the first pathway of aerobic respiration produce?

2 ATP

How much energy does electron transport produce?

32 ATP

How much energy does aerobic respiration produce in total?

36 ATP per glucose

How much energy does anaerobic respiration yield?

2 ATP

What does anaerobic respiration produce?

ethanol and CO2

Do green things have mitochondria?

Yes

Do plants respire?

Yes, they use/require oxygen.

What is a gene?

Segment of DNA that codes for protein.

What is a genome?

Entire nucleotide sequence for all DNA in a species

What are the types of nucleotides?

G, A, C, T, U, T

How do the nucleotides pair up in DNA?

A- T | C-G

How do the nucleotides pair up in RNA?

A- U | C-G

How are the pairs of bases bonded?

Hydrogen bonds

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

RNA is a single strand, DNA is a double helix

Finish: Transcription occurs in ____ of cell and translation occurs in ____.

Nucleus, cytosol

What is transcription?

Assembly of messenger RNA strand complimentary to DNA in nucleus

What is translation?

Assembly of protein from messenger RNA code in Ribosome ( in cytosol)

What is mRNA?

Messenger RNA

What are codons?

Groups of 3 bases on mRNA

What is tRNA?

Transfer RNA

What is an anticodon?

Groups of 3 bases on tRNA

What is a mutation?

Change in DNA code

Where are chromosomes located?

Nucleus

What are the three patters of cell division and explain them?

Binary fission- prokaryotes, asexual Mitossis- eukaryotes, asexual Meiosis- eukaryotes- sexual

What is differentiation?

Specialization of cell type

What is sexual reproduction?

2 parents, each contribute 1/2 of DNA to make offspring

How do most species reproduce?

Sexually

What advantage does sexual reproduction confer?

Sexual reproduction generates more variation in offspring.

What is meiosis?

Cell division to reduce the number of chromosomes by 1/2

What kind of cells does meiosis produce?

Haploid

When does crossing over occur in meiosis?

Prophase I (Meiosis I)

What is an allele?

Different versions of genes that control a trait but are not identical form (similar) (red hair, brown hair, etc.)

What occurs in Metaphase I of Meiosis?

Homologous pairs in middle of the cell

What occurs in Anaphase I?

Homologous pairs separate, sister chromatids stay together.

Does the DNA replicate between Meiosis I and Meiosis II?

What occurs in Metaphase II?

Chromosomes line up on center line in a single file line (no pairs anymore)

What occurs in Anaphase II?

Sister chromatids separate.

How many new cells form from Meiosis?

4 daughter cells, all haploid

What are the phases of the cell cycle? (5)

G1, S, G2, M (mitosis or meiosis) and Cytokinesis

What is a centromere?

A point of attachment for sister chromatids

What happens during G1?

Organelles replicate, normal functioning, growth

What happens during Synthesis (S)?

2 identical copies of DNA on each chromosome joined by centromere

What happens during G2?

DNA unrolled, prepare for mitosis

What happens during Prophase?

Nuclear membrane disappears, ventricles at poles

What is a ventricle?

Organelles that pull sister chromatids apart with spindle fibers

What happens during metaphase?

Chromosomes line up in the middle, spindle fibers attach to centromeres

What happens during anaphase?

Sister chromatids pulled apart

What happens during telophase?

Nuclear membrane resolves

Where does mitosis occur?

Body cells

Where does meiosis occur?

Sex cells (gametes)

What is asexual reproduction?

New organisms are produced by mitosis

Which occurs first: transcription or translation?

Transcription

What is transcription?

Assembly of messenger RNA strand complimentary to DNA in the nucleus

What is translation?

Assembly of protein from messenger RNA code in ribosomes (in cytosol)

Transcription occurs in ____ of cell and translation occurs in ____.

Nucleus, cytosol

What are the sources of variation in sexual reproduction?

Crossing over, random assortment, and fertilization

What is cancer?

Cell division out of control

What are the features of cancer?

Mass of cells with uncontrolled cell division and these cells invading others

What is a tumor?

Mass of cells with uncontrolled cell division

What is benign?

Non-cancerous cell

What is malignant?

Cancerous cell

What is metastasis?

Process of establishing new tumor from an old one(invading other cells)

What would happen if a cell's inner content is hypertonic compared to outside the cell. Membrane is permeable to solutes. What's going to happen?

Diffusion

If a cell's inner content is hypertonic compared to outside the cell. Membrane is impermeable to solutes. What's going to happen?

Cell will explode

What is the input of the first pathway of respiration?

two 3 carbon molecules

What is the input of the second pathway of respiration?

e-, H+, and O2

Where does the second pathway of respiration occur?

Mitochondria

Where does the first pathway of respiration occur?

Cytosol