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Bio 103 > Life Requires Energy > Flashcards

Life Requires Energy Flashcards

1
Q

What is energy?

A

Simple definition: motion

More complex: movement or potential to move

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2
Q

What are the categories of energy?

A

Kinetic and Potential

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3
Q

What is potential energy? Explain.

A

Object is not moving but has the potential to, covalent bonds.

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4
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

motion

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5
Q

What are the forms of energy?

A

Mechanical, chemical, electrical, nuclear, electromagnetic, thermal

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6
Q

What is the first property of energy?

A

Energy can change form

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7
Q

What is the second property of energy?

A

Transfer of energy is never complete.

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8
Q

What is the first universal law of energy (thermodynamics)?

A

Energy can change in form (not created or destroyed)

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9
Q

What is the second law of energy (thermodynamics) ?

A

transfer of energy is not 100% efficient (never complete)

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10
Q

All organisms have one type of chemical bond for energy, what is it?

A

ATP

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11
Q

How does simple diffusion work?

A

Passive movement, no energy required (small, non-polar molecules, high to low)

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12
Q

How does active transport work?

A

Required energy- molecules move from area of LOW to HIGH concentration

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13
Q

How does facilitated diffusion work?

A

Move via proteins, from high to low, no energy required- also passive

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14
Q

What is osmosis?

A

movement of water across cell membranes, from HIGH to LOW water concentrations, passive

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15
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

greater amount of solutes

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16
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

less solutes

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17
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

Equal solutes on both sides

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18
Q

What is the primary source of energy on earth?

A

Sunlight

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19
Q

What are the two different energy molecules in cells?

A

ATP and glucose

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20
Q

Which form of energy molecules in cells is formed directly via sunlight?

A

ATP

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21
Q

How does glucose compare to ATP?

A

smaller, easier to transport, stores many ATP in one glucose

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22
Q

What is the equation (simple) for photosynthesis?

A

sunlight + water + carbon dioxide = oxygen + sugar

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23
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O (chlorophyll and light)= C6H12O6 + 602

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24
Q

Where does the first reaction of photosynthesis occur?

A

Thylakoid

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25
Q

Where does the second reaction of photosynthesis occur?

A

Stroma

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26
Q

What are the 2 pathways/parts of photosynthesis?

A

Light dependent and light independent

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27
Q

What is the input of light dependent photos.?

A

sunlight and H2O

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28
Q

What is the output of light dependent photos.?

A

ATP and oxygen

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29
Q

Where does light dependent photos. occur?

A

Thylakoids

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30
Q

What is the input of light independent photos.?

A

ATP and CO2

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31
Q

What is the output of light independent photos.?

A

glucose

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32
Q

Where does light independent photos. occur?

A

stroma

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33
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

how organisms convert food back to ATP

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34
Q

What are the types of respiration?

A

aerobic, anaerobic

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35
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

respiration with oxygen

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36
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

respiration without oxygen

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37
Q

What is the formula for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide, water, energy (ATP) - opposite of photosynthesis

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38
Q

What is the equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H1206 + 602 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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39
Q

What is the first part/pathway of aerobic respiration?

A

glycolysis

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40
Q

Where does the first step of aerobic respiration occur?

A

cytosol

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41
Q

What happens during glycolysis?

A

glucose (6 carbon) breaks down into two 3-carbon molecules

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42
Q

What is the net gain of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

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43
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

A

mitochondria

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44
Q

What does the first pathway of aerobic respiration release?

A

CO2, H+, e-, and 2 ATP

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45
Q

What is the 2nd pathway of aerobic respiration?

A

electron transport

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46
Q

What does electron transport produce?

A

32 ATP and H20

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47
Q

What are the inputs of respiration?

A

glucose and oxygen

48
Q

Where does respiration occur?

A

cytosol and mitochondria

49
Q

How much energy does glycolysis produce?

A

2 ATP

50
Q

How much energy does the first pathway of aerobic respiration produce?

A

2 ATP

51
Q

How much energy does electron transport produce?

A

32 ATP

52
Q

How much energy does aerobic respiration produce in total?

A

36 ATP per glucose

53
Q

How much energy does anaerobic respiration yield?

A

2 ATP

54
Q

What does anaerobic respiration produce?

A

ethanol and CO2

55
Q

Do green things have mitochondria?

A

Yes

56
Q

Do plants respire?

A

Yes, they use/require oxygen.

57
Q

What is a gene?

A

Segment of DNA that codes for protein.

58
Q

What is a genome?

A

Entire nucleotide sequence for all DNA in a species

59
Q

What are the types of nucleotides?

A

G, A, C, T, U, T

60
Q

How do the nucleotides pair up in DNA?

A

A- T

C-G

61
Q

How do the nucleotides pair up in RNA?

A

A- U

C-G

62
Q

How are the pairs of bases bonded?

A

Hydrogen bonds

63
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

A

RNA is a single strand, DNA is a double helix

64
Q

Finish: Transcription occurs in ____ of cell and translation occurs in ____.

A

Nucleus, cytosol

65
Q

What is transcription?

A

Assembly of messenger RNA strand complimentary to DNA in nucleus

66
Q

What is translation?

A

Assembly of protein from messenger RNA code in Ribosome ( in cytosol)

67
Q

What is mRNA?

A

Messenger RNA

68
Q

What are codons?

A

Groups of 3 bases on mRNA

69
Q

What is tRNA?

A

Transfer RNA

70
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

Groups of 3 bases on tRNA

71
Q

What is a mutation?

A

Change in DNA code

72
Q

Where are chromosomes located?

A

Nucleus

73
Q

What are the three patters of cell division and explain them?

A

Binary fission- prokaryotes, asexual
Mitossis- eukaryotes, asexual
Meiosis- eukaryotes- sexual

74
Q

What is differentiation?

A

Specialization of cell type

75
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

2 parents, each contribute 1/2 of DNA to make offspring

76
Q

How do most species reproduce?

A

Sexually

77
Q

What advantage does sexual reproduction confer?

A

Sexual reproduction generates more variation in offspring.

78
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Cell division to reduce the number of chromosomes by 1/2

79
Q

What kind of cells does meiosis produce?

A

Haploid

80
Q

When does crossing over occur in meiosis?

A

Prophase I (Meiosis I)

81
Q

What is an allele?

A

Different versions of genes that control a trait but are not identical form (similar) (red hair, brown hair, etc.)

82
Q

What occurs in Metaphase I of Meiosis?

A

Homologous pairs in middle of the cell

83
Q

What occurs in Anaphase I?

A

Homologous pairs separate, sister chromatids stay together.

84
Q

Does the DNA replicate between Meiosis I and Meiosis II?

A

NO

85
Q

What occurs in Metaphase II?

A

Chromosomes line up on center line in a single file line (no pairs anymore)

86
Q

What occurs in Anaphase II?

A

Sister chromatids separate.

87
Q

How many new cells form from Meiosis?

A

4 daughter cells, all haploid

88
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle? (5)

A

G1, S, G2, M (mitosis or meiosis) and Cytokinesis

89
Q

What is a centromere?

A

A point of attachment for sister chromatids

90
Q

What happens during G1?

A

Organelles replicate, normal functioning, growth

91
Q

What happens during Synthesis (S)?

A

2 identical copies of DNA on each chromosome joined by centromere

92
Q

What happens during G2?

A

DNA unrolled, prepare for mitosis

93
Q

What happens during Prophase?

A

Nuclear membrane disappears, ventricles at poles

94
Q

What is a ventricle?

A

Organelles that pull sister chromatids apart with spindle fibers

95
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Chromosomes line up in the middle, spindle fibers attach to centromeres

96
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids pulled apart

97
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

Nuclear membrane resolves

98
Q

Where does mitosis occur?

A

Body cells

99
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A

Sex cells (gametes)

100
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

New organisms are produced by mitosis

101
Q

Which occurs first: transcription or translation?

A

Transcription

102
Q

What is transcription?

A

Assembly of messenger RNA strand complimentary to DNA in the nucleus

103
Q

What is translation?

A

Assembly of protein from messenger RNA code in ribosomes (in cytosol)

104
Q

Transcription occurs in ____ of cell and translation occurs in ____.

A

Nucleus, cytosol

105
Q

What are the sources of variation in sexual reproduction?

A

Crossing over, random assortment, and fertilization

106
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cell division out of control

107
Q

What are the features of cancer?

A

Mass of cells with uncontrolled cell division and these cells invading others

108
Q

What is a tumor?

A

Mass of cells with uncontrolled cell division

109
Q

What is benign?

A

Non-cancerous cell

110
Q

What is malignant?

A

Cancerous cell

111
Q

What is metastasis?

A

Process of establishing new tumor from an old one(invading other cells)

112
Q

What would happen if a cell’s inner content is hypertonic compared to outside the cell. Membrane is permeable to solutes. What’s going to happen?

A

Diffusion

113
Q

If a cell’s inner content is hypertonic compared to outside the cell. Membrane is impermeable to solutes. What’s going to happen?

A

Cell will explode

114
Q

What is the input of the first pathway of respiration?

A

two 3 carbon molecules

115
Q

What is the input of the second pathway of respiration?

A

e-, H+, and O2

116
Q

Where does the second pathway of respiration occur?

A

Mitochondria

117
Q

Where does the first pathway of respiration occur?

A

Cytosol

Bio 103 (4 decks)

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