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Bio 103 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Genetic cross

A

mate (breed) selected individuals to reveal underlying in heritance

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2
Q

Genetics

A

Scientific study of inheritance

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3
Q

What is special about pea plants?

A

They can self-fertilize

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4
Q

True-breeding traits

A

Parents with identical alleles yield offspring with the same allele

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5
Q

Parental Generation

A

parents that are crossed

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6
Q

1st filial generation (F1)

A

first generation of offspring

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7
Q

2nd filial generation (F2)

A

offspring when F1 are bred

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8
Q

What is the ratio of the F2 generation when the P generation are true-bred?

A

3:1

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9
Q

Genes can be…

A

dominant or recessive

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10
Q

What are alternative forms of genes?

A

Alleles

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11
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

different traits are independent of each other (not on the same chromosome)

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12
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

neither trait is dominant

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13
Q

Co-dominance

A

traits of both true-breeding parents visible in offspring

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14
Q

What determines phenotype?

A

Genes + environment

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15
Q

What is the difference between fraternal and identical twins?

A

fraternal: two eggs
identical: one egg

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16
Q

How many autosomal chromosomes do humans have?

A

22 non-sec chromosomes

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17
Q

What are some recessive gene defects?

A

Sickle cell anemia- red blood cells- autosomal
Cystic Fibrosis
Tay-Sachs

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18
Q

If a disease, like Tay Sachs, is autosomal and recessive and both parents are carriers, what percentage of children with inherit the disorder?

A

25%

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19
Q

What is the difference between dominant gene defects and recessive gene defects?

A

only need 1 copy (1 allele) of gene of dominant to have the defect, need 2 with recessive

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20
Q

When do symptoms of Huntington’s disease appear?

A

Mid-life, it is a dominant defect

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21
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

extra fingers or toes- dominant defect

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22
Q

What is a sex-linked trait?

A

Gene on sex chromosomes

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23
Q

If a father is colorblind and a mother is normal (XCXc), what percentage of children will be colorblind?

A

50%

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24
Q

How is hemophilia inherited?

A

sex-linked recessive

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25
Q

How does a man inherited a sex-linked recessive trait? That is, where specifically does the allele com from?

A

Mother, dad gives the Y chromosome

26
Q

What are sex-influenced traits?

A

autosomal traits in which the phenotype is influenced by sex hormones (environment) –the alleles are not on the sex chromosomes

27
Q

What is aneuploidy?

A

Incorrect number of chromosomes

28
Q

What is non-disjunction?

A

the cause of aneuploidy- no seperation during either Meiosis 1 or 2, leaving the incorrect number of chrosomes

29
Q

What is down-syndrome?

A

Most common aneuploidy- Trisomy 21- extra 21st chromosome

30
Q

What are some types of abnormal chromosome structures?

A

Deletion, duplication, translocation- crossing over in non-homologous chromosomes

31
Q

What does genetic screening do?

A

Used to diagnose genetic diseases, identify carriers, predict risks

32
Q

What do we use ultrasounds for?

A

date pregnancy, confirm viability, determine sex, check for major physical abnormalities, twins, growth rate

33
Q

What is amniocentesis?

A

test for genetic abnormalities, hypodermic needle into the water sac

34
Q

What is chorionic villus sampling? CVS

A

determining genetic disorders from the placenta

35
Q

What is ecology?

A

Study of interrelationships (interactions) of organisms and environment

36
Q

What is a population?

A

groups of individuals of the same species in an area

37
Q

2 properties of populations

A

genetic makeup can change over time, characteristics (appearance) can also change

38
Q

Evolution

A

Change in genetic makeup of population over time

39
Q

What were Darwin’s believes before and after his trip?

A

Before: content that species don’t change
after: lineages of organisms gradually change

40
Q

What were some of Darwin’s conclusions?

A

individuals variable in population, some variation is passed to offspring (heritable), more offspring are produced than survive, survival and reproduction is not random–natural selection

41
Q

Natural Selection

A

individuals with favorable traits produce more offspring in their lifetime than those with less favorable traits and this leads to change

42
Q

What are the mechanisms of evolution?

A

Mutations, migration, genetic drift, non-random mating, selection (nat. and art.)

43
Q

Artificial selection

A

selection by humans, selective breeding that produces new strains of domestic organisms

44
Q

What are the types of artificial selection?

A

Directional, stabilizing, disruptive

45
Q

Directional selection

A

favor one extreme phenotype

46
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

favors average over both extremes

47
Q

Disruptive Selection

A

Favors both extremes, selects against the average

48
Q

Speciation

A

Process by which one species becomes two or more

49
Q

How does speciation occur?

A

populations are separated via barrier, environments slowly change/diverge, become district and can no longer interbreed

50
Q

Pre-mating mechanism

A

Prevents mating- behavioral differences among species make them unnattractive

51
Q

Post-mating mechanisms

A

mate not viable, sperm didn’t survive, didn’t fertilize, embryo doesn’t develop, etc.

52
Q

What is the initial factor in speciation?

A

Geographic separation

53
Q

Adaptation

A

Traits that allow organisms to survive and reproduce

54
Q

Vestigial Structrures

A

Structures that have no function for organism today

55
Q

Genetic engineering

A

Manipulation of organism’s genetic materials

56
Q

Steps of genetic engineering

A

Chop, amplify, insert, grow, identify

57
Q

BT corn

A

insect resistant crop

58
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

Cross between individuals that differ in only one trait (ex: flower color is purple vs. white)

59
Q

Test cross

A

cross to determine genotype of individual with dominant trait

60
Q

Mendel’s first Law

A

the 2 alleles carried by each parents are separated during formation of gametes

Bio 103 (4 decks)

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