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Fall 2022 > Life History Strat, Plant Structures and Function, Plant Nutrition and Hormones, Plant Reproduction (Exam 3 BIOL 122) > Flashcards

Life History Strat, Plant Structures and Function, Plant Nutrition and Hormones, Plant Reproduction (Exam 3 BIOL 122) Flashcards

1
Q

Age Pyramid Trends

A
  • females live longer
  • birth rates are not consistent
  • high mortality 60+
  • male:female ratio is 50:50
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2
Q

How do populations change over time?

A

Birth + Immigration -( death + emigration) = population change

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3
Q

Exponential vs Logistic growth

A

Exponential: constant. r is the slope and N is the number of individuals in the population. Humans currently, but is not realistic due to limited resources.

Logistic Growth: reaches a carrying capacity K. more realistic

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4
Q

Density-dependent factors. name examples

A

are biotic factors. “living”
- competition, disease, overcrowding

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5
Q

Density-Independent factors. name examples

A

are abiotic factors. “nonliving”
- weather, hurricanes, floods

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6
Q

Density-dependent factors can lead to ________ fluctuations in population size. name examples.

A

cyclical fluctuations.
- predator/ prey
- host/ parasite

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7
Q

Survivorship Curve. Name and describe types. give examples.

A

Type 1: low mortality til old (humans, large mammals)
Type 2: mortality is independent of age (birds)
Type 3: high juvenile mortality (insects, invertebrates)

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8
Q

Why have humans changed types on the survivorship curve?

A

in 1907 humans were Type 2 but now they are Type 1.
primarily due to medical innovation and quality of life increasing

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9
Q

Why do humans and oak trees live long while annual plants and mayflies live less than a year?

A

Differences in…
- Life History (changes that each organism experiences from birth to death– growth, puberty, menopause, etc)

  • Energy Allocation (finite amount of energy that organisms allocate on competing processes– TRADEOFFS between survival enhancing processes and reproductive enhancing processes)
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10
Q

r-selected species vs k-selected species. name examples

A

r-selected: high intrinsic rate of population growth, tend to be small and have short life spans. (weeds)

k-selected: relatively stable populations with limited population growth, slow growth, tend to be large and have a long lifespan. (oak trees, humans)

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11
Q

Anatomy vs Physiology

A

Both are related about body.

Anatomy: structure (form, morphology)

Physiology: function (how parts interact)

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12
Q

What are organs and wheat are plants’ main organs?

A

organ: collection of tissue serving a particular function

plants have 3…
leaves (flowers), stem, roots

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13
Q

What are the main purposes of each tissue type of plants?

A

Dermal: protective outer covering and prevents desiccation

Ground: majority of the plant and has 3 cell types

Vascular: transports water, sugar and minerals. 2 tissue subtypes (xylem and phloem)

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14
Q

Describe a diagram cut out of plant tissue types.

A

dermal is on the outer most layer. ground makes up the middle. vascular are like veins encased in the ground tissue.

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15
Q

In the dermal tissue, there are epidermal cells that form an epidermis. Describe its function.

A

Epidermis: 1 layer of cells that cover the primary plant body, is transparent.

Function:
- limit water loss; cuticle: waxy material secreted by epidermal cells further limits water loss
- protect against predators/ pathogens.
- Transparency lets light through because photosynthesis does not occur here.
- stomata: allow gas exchange.

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16
Q

What do stomata (stoma) do? Are they more likely to be open during the day or night? Where are they located?

A

Stomata: look like lips and let CO2 and water vapor in and secrete O2.
- are bordered by 2 guard cells
- stomata are more likely to be open at night in the desert (hot during day) and 24hrs in a rainforest (wet environment)
- are locate in the epidermis of plants and found on both top and bottom of leaves
- facilitate water uptake in roots through xylem
- closed at night mostly

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17
Q

Trichomes are special epidermal cells. What are they and what do they do?

A

Trichomes: hairs/ bumps on stems that increase SA:V ratio (by increasing SA without volume).
- hairs have sticky substance that traps water on plant, decreasing water loss.
- humans have goosebumps when cold. “fluffing coat” is no longer adaptive

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18
Q

Plants need:
1. Water
2. Minerals
3. Sugar (C6H12O6)
* Where is each collected/created?
* Why is this a problem?

A

Water is collected in the roots and stomata in leaves.

Minerals are collected in the roots.

Sugar is created in the ground tissue, mainly leaves.

*Vascular tissue is needed to distribute these.

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19
Q

Plants have vascular tissue that does what?

A

Vascular tissue transports water and minerals UP and sugar thought the plant.
- Xylem: straw like vessels transport water and minerals UP
- Phloem: perforation vessels that transport sugar and other nutrients. (up and down)

*Giant Ash trees grow really tall and are being killed by ash borers that intercept Xylem cavities

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20
Q

What are Ground tissue’s major functions?

A
  • makes up most of the body
  • functions in roots and stem for support and storage
  • in leaves, is location for photosynthesis
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21
Q

Parenchyma is a type of ground tissue/cell. What is it and what does it do?

A

Parenchyma:
- most common and versatile
- site for photosynthesis
- store food and assimilate waste
- provide structural support vis turgor pressure (swelling pressures cell wall due to water intake– turgid and flaccid)

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22
Q

Collenchyma is a type of ground tissue/cell. What is it and what does it do?

A

Collenchyma:
- provide support and flexibility to grow during primary growth (elongation)
- found below epidermis

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23
Q

Sclerenchyma is a type of ground tissue/cell. What is it and what does it do?

A

Sclerenchyma:
- main structural support (hard and thick secondary walls)
- found in outermost boundaries of plant parts including seeds

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24
Q

What are the main functions of each plant organ?

A

Leaves: photosynthesis and sex (flowers)

Stem: transport, support, and storage

Roots: water+ mineral, transport, anchorage, storage

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25
Q

Briefly describe the 3 types of roots and environments where they would be beneficial.

A

Taproot: lateral roots branching off main taproot, found in dicots. (dandelions) can access water table

Fibrous (adventitious): many small roots of similar size emerging directly from stem, found in monocots. can anchor well

Tuberous: carbohydrate storage. (potatoes)

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26
Q

There are 3 major types of Angiosperms (flowering) plants. Name and describe them.

A
  1. Early (Basal)Angiosperms
  2. Monocots: long narrow leaves, fibrous roots, scattered vascular system, 1 cotyledon (seed leaf)
  3. Dicots: 2 cotyledons, taproot, vascular in ring (allows for Secondary Growth at Vascular Cambium= widening)

*the types have different anatomy but similar physiology

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27
Q

Define Photomorphogenesis.
Should plants in direct sunlight have smaller or larger leaves? What about indirect sunlight?

A

Photomorphogenesis: both light quantity (intensity) and quality (which wavelengths of light are detected) influence morphology of plant

Direct sunlight: small leaves
Indirect: big leaves

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28
Q

What is indeterminate growth? Why do plants have this?

A

indeterminate growth: grow their entire lives.

This is due to plants meristem tissue which are stem cells that grow. They are only present for animals during embryotic stage, but always in plants.

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29
Q

Primary growth vs Secondary Growth.

A

Primary: elongation (grow in length and by adding leaves and branches)

Secondary: wider (grow in girth of stems and roots)

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30
Q

Shoot System terminology. Terminal Bud, Auxiliary bud
Node, internode
Blade, petiole

A

Terminal Bud (growth at end of branch)
Auxiliary bud (growth mid branch)

Node (where buds, for leaves or flowers, are located)
Internode (distance between nodes)

Blade (leaf)
Petiole (stalk that connects the blade to the leaf base)

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31
Q

What is transpiration?

A

cohesion (from hydrogen bonds) of water molecules + “transpirational pull” allows for water molecules to move UP a plant.
- H2O collected from roots
- moves through xylem
- evaporation of H2O through stomata in leaves pull up without energy
Passive transport

32
Q

What is Phloem Transport?

A

Phloem transports sugar from source to sink with a concentration gradient.
- source (leaves with high sugar)
- sink (stem and roots with low sugar)

Passive transport

33
Q

What is the photosynthesis equation? What’re the 12 essential elements and how do plants get them?

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O -sunlight-> 6 C6H12O6 + 6 O2

CHONPS Cl Fe Na Cl K Mg
- Carbon CO2 from stomata and Hydrogen H2O from roots.
- Nitrogen N is collected from soil due to nitrogen-fixing bacteria
- Everything else is readily available in soil from decaying matter

34
Q

What is Phototropism and how does that relate to the plant hormone Auxin?

A

Phototropism: directional response that allows plants to grow towards light.

Auxin: promotes elongation (primary growth) and inhibits lateral growth (secondary).
- target tissue: primary growth
- travels in the phloem
- low levels, from stress, cause loss of leaves and fruit
- commercial: remove seeds
- is produced opposite where light is!!! (light source on right, auxin on left, plant elongates on left side and grows right)

35
Q

Do plants behave? Where would you find hormones in a plant body? Promoter vs inhibitor?

A

Behavior: react to stimuli.
So, plants behave through hormones.
You would find hormones in Phloem (vascular tissue) so they can move everywhere in a plant.
Promotors “go”
Inhibitors “stop”

36
Q

Describe the Pleiotropic effect of hormones

A

1 hormone can affect many aspects of plant physiology.

37
Q

What does the plant hormone Cytokinin do?

A

Cytokinin: promotes lateral growth (buds and branches)
- Synthesis site: meristem tissue in root tips (travels in xylem)
- stimulates cell division
- commercial: “flower food” maintains greenness

38
Q

What does the plant hormone Gibberellins do?

A

Gibberellin: promotes germination (sprouting from a seed)
- synthesis site: seed endosperm and leaves/flowers
- leaf and flower expansion
- commercial: make bigger and more dispersed fruit/ increase flower size

39
Q

What does the plant hormone Abscisic Acid do?

A

Abscisic Acid:
- inhibitor that promotes dormancy, enhancing drought tolerance
- mobilizes seed reserves
- responds to stress

40
Q

What does the plant hormone Ethylene do?

A

Ethylene only gas hormone
- inhibitor that regulates aging
- shifts investment to survival as a stress response
- commercial: ripen shipped fruits/ veggies

41
Q

What are photoreceptors and what are the 3 major classes of them?

A

Photoreceptors: Cells that detect and interpret wavelengths of light to trigger pathways within the plant to activate physiological changes.

  1. **Phytochromes: respond mostly to red and far-red light. influence germination and growth.
  2. Phototropins
  3. Cryptochromes
42
Q

Explain the daily cycle of a plant based on photochrome receptors.

A
  • All Phytochromes are created as Pr form
  • Sunlight contains more RED light, which Pr absorbes and switches to Pfr form
  • Darkness contains more FAR-RED, so Pfr absorbs far-red light & switches to Pr form
  • cycle repeats

Presence of Pfr form results in physiological changes:
1. Stop elongation, Smaller Leaves
2. Start germination
3. Reset Biological Clock (24-hr)

43
Q

Explain Photoperiodism and critical threshold.

A

Photoperiodism: response of a plant based on yearly changes in photoperiods (blooming at specific times)

Critical threshold: Plants categorized by minimum amount of time they must be exposed to daylight (or darkness) before they initiate flowering

44
Q

How do plants sense Gravity?

A

Gravitropism: detecting and responding to the direction of gravity enables the stem to grow up and the roots to grow down
- controlled by Auxin hormone
- Statoliths: specialized plastids containing dense starch grains in lower portions of cells, which settle in the cap of roots.

45
Q

What is Chemonasty? Provide an example.

A

Chemonasty: plants grow toward/ away from a directional chemical cue.(carnivorous plants)

46
Q

What are some defenses against herbivores that plants have?

A
  1. Physical Defenses (thorns, thick stem/leaves)
  2. Chemical Defenses: distasteful or toxic compounds
  3. “Recruit” predatory animals that help defend plant (parasitoid wasps destroy herbivorous caterpillar)
  4. “Warn” plants nearby with volatile compounds or signals through roots
47
Q

Describe the basic plant reproductive chart and then the mechanisms to change chromosome number.

A

Spores (1n) -> gametophyte (1n) -> gametes (1n) -> sporophyte (2n) -> repeat

Meiosis (2n->1n) “making eggs/sperm”
Fertilization (1n->2n) “sex”
Mitosis (1n->1n) “cloning”

48
Q

Where are spores and gametophytes found in flowering plants and what roles do they play?

A

Flowering Plants have Reduced Gametophyte:

Pollen = Male Gametophyte
Anther (with pollen) & Filament = Stamen

Embryo Sac= Female gametophyte
Stigma, Style, and Ovary = Carpel

49
Q

How does the zygote form in flowering plants?

A

pollen tube grows and delivers 2 sperm to embryo sac.
Then…
Double-fertilization- two sperm participate in fertilization:
One sperm (1n) unites with egg to form a zygote (2n), which develops into a mature 2n sporophyte.
The other sperm fuses with 2 polar nucelli (2n) to form triploid endosperm (3n) which becomes food for the seed.

50
Q

describe Complete flowers vs Incomplete flowers.

A

Complete flowers: contain all four types of floral structures (sepals, petals, stamens, carpels)
OR
Incomplete flowers: ones lacking in any of the four major structures. (grass-species lack petals)

51
Q

Describe perfect vs imperfect flowers.

A

Perfect flowers: single flower has both male & female parts (stamens & carpels)

Imperfect flowers: flowers are unisexual and have either male or female parts

52
Q

What are the cost and benefits of being perfect/ imperfect flowers?

A

imperfect: need both M and F pollen- mate searching cost

Perfect: no genetic diversity- low heterozygosity and reproductive success

53
Q

describe monecious vs dioecious in regards to plant sex.

A

Monecious: each plant produces both male and female flowers
staminate- (male) flowers
carpellate- (female) flowers

Dioecious: each plant produces only male or female flowers
Analogous to mammals with separate males and females.

54
Q

What is the role of animals and weather in pollination and seed dispersal?

A

Pollination: transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
Gametes move by wind, water and animals
Majority of flowering plants pollinated by animals –bees, wasps, butterflies, moths, birds and beetles

55
Q

If flower sex is determined by age, do you expect young plants to produce more F or M flowers?

A

more male flowers
pollen is not as costly as producing eggs

56
Q

Do plants primarily reproduce sexually or asexually?

A

sexually: they make sperm and eggs

57
Q

Animals have Stem cells and differentiated cells, explain each. Give examples of differentiated cells.

A

Stem cells: undifferentiated cells present during development

Differentiated cells specialized to serve a specific function and form a specific tissue.
- Fat cells: spherical, store fat, can expand in size
- Muscle cells: long & thin, movement, contractile fibers

58
Q

What are animals 4 types of tissues? How do they differ than plants?

A

Muscle
Epithelial (skin- inside and out)
Nervous
Connective (bones, fat, blood, cartilage)

Animals have 4 tissues (above) while plants only have 3 tissue types (dermal, ground, vascular)

59
Q

Explain the difference between Homologous structures and Convergent evolution.

A

Homologous structures result from a common ancestor.

Convergent evolution is the result of similar traits from similar selective pressures on different species.

60
Q

What is homeostasis? Name the 2 categories of animals that do homeostasis, explain them and give examples.

A

Homeostasis: maintain stability of internal conditions

Regulators: “warm blooded”
- endothermic (generate heat)
- maintain internal conditions via metabolic processes (high energy cost)
- behavioral shifts could regulate (hibernation)
- vertebrates, humans, birds, bears

Conformers: “cold blooded”
- ectothermic
- internal conditions mirror external (low energy cost)
- regulate internal conditions almost always with behavioral shifts (basking in sun to increase temp)
- invertebrates, frogs, lizards

61
Q

What is thermoregulation and why is it important?

A

Thermoregulation: maintain range of body temp to avoid…
- denaturing proteins
- cell and tissue damage
- organ system shutdown

62
Q

Explain the difference between Poikilotherms and Homeotherms. Tell how they are able to keep their conditions.

A

Poikilotherms: organisms whose body temp varies widely with environment
- avoid costs by producing enzymes with optimal activity in each condition

Homeotherms: organisms whose body temp maintains a narrow range regardless of environment
- maintained by varying metabolism- requiring high food intake

63
Q

What is metabolism? What are the 2 main processes of metabolism?

A

Metabolism: chemical process that occur to maintain life

  1. Catabolism: break down large molecules into small mcls and release energy!
    - cellular respiration
  2. Anabolism: reactions that build large molecules from small mcls using energy
    - photosynthesis
64
Q

How is metabolic rate measured? What is BMR and SMR?

A

Metabolic rate is measured…
- CO2 released and O2 consumed
- caloric intake

BMR: Basal metabolic rate- endotherm at rest with no stress and normal temp
SMR: standard metabolic rate- ectotherm at rest at specific temp

65
Q

Animals have 2 types of digestive systems, what are they?

A

Gastrovascular Cavity: single opening mouth/ anus

Alimentary Canal: 2 openings for mouth and anus

66
Q

What are the 4 stages of animal food processing?

A
  1. mechanical (breakup food with teeth)
  2. chemical (salivary glands)
  3. absorption (nutrients)
  4. elimination (poop or pee)
67
Q

Describe the process that food takes through our body when we eat it.

A

Oral cavity
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Rectum

68
Q

Explain the oral cavity’s importance to digestion, even without teeth.

A

Oral cavity:
- teeth are based on diet
- pharynx (throat) swallows with aid of tongue
- epiglottis directs food to esophagus

No teeth? Chickens have 2 stomachs…
- Crop stores food
- gizzard with gastroliths (rocks) grind up food

69
Q

Explain the Stomach’s importance to digestion.
Why doesn’t the stomach dissolve itself?

A

Stomach has gastric juices (chemical digestion)
- HCl: breaks down plants and meat, kills bacteria
- Pepsin: breaks peptide bonds in proteins

The stomach does not dissolve itself because
- mucus layer protection
- high turnover epithermal layer
- it makes and combines chemicals only when food is eaten
Parietal cells release H and Cl to make HCl when food enters system, then chief cells secrete pepsinogen. HCl converts pepsinogen into pepsin.

70
Q

Why is the small intestine important in animal digestive systems?

A

Small intestine has jejunum and ileum which absorb nutrients and water

71
Q

Why is the large intestine important in animal digestive systems?

A

Large intestine:
- cecum breaks down cellulose
- Appendix is attached to cecum and acts as a bacteria store
- Colon absorbs 90% of water and makes feces in 12-24 hours, which leave through the rectum

72
Q

Name some methods of cooling and heating with both Anatomy and Physiological regulation

A

Anatomy:
- convecting cooling (wind)
- conducting (rock holds heat)
- insulation (fat increases SA:V which maintains heat)

Physiology:
- vasodilation (opening blood vessels) and vasoconstriction
- shake and shiver
- sweat

73
Q

If an organism regulates their internal body temperature behaviorally, but their internal temperature does not fluctuate very much, they are considered…

A

Ectotherms (behaviorally regulating temp)

Homeotherms (narrow range of internal temp)

74
Q

What characteristics play a role in metabolic rate?

A
  • temperature
  • resting vs active
  • stress/ environment
  • age (dec with age)
  • sex (lower in women than men)
  • diet
  • size (inc with added mass)
75
Q

Explain how the digestive system of an animal changes based on their primary diet.

A

Cecum changes with diet:
- herbivores: plant eaters tend to have a huge cecum and larger intestines (horses)

  • carnivore: meat eaters tend to have smaller cecum and smaller intestines
  • omnivores: tend to have moderate size cecum and intestines

Fall 2022 (10 decks)

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