Exam 3 Critical Thinking Argument PHIL

Question 1

Negation Rule -

Answer 1

“not”
is true when whatever it negates is false

and false when whatever it negates is true.

Question 2

Conjugation Rule ^

Answer 2

“and”
is only true when both conjuncts are true

Question 3

Disjunction Rule v

Answer 3

“or”
is only false when both disjuncts are false

(true when one or the other is true)

Question 4

Conditional Rule >

Answer 4

“if… then”
is only false when antecedent is true and consequent is false

Question 5

Formalize: Both P and Q

Answer 5

P^Q

Question 6

Formalize: Neither P nor Q

Answer 6

-P ^ -Q OR -(PvQ)

Question 7

Formalize: P implies that Q

Answer 7

P>Q

Question 8

Formalize: P provided that Q

Answer 8

Q>P

Question 9

Formalize: P only if Q

Answer 9

P>Q OR -Q > -P

“only if” removes logical order

Question 10

Formalize: P is a sufficient condition of Q

Answer 10

P>Q

“sufficient condition” = enough

Question 11

Formalize: P is a necessary condition of Q

Answer 11

Q>P OR -P > -Q

Question 12

Formalize: P, if Q

Answer 12

Q>P

Question 13

Formalize: P unless Q

Answer 13

-Q > P

“unless” shows negation on one side of the conditional

Question 14

Formalize: P if and only if Q

Answer 14

(P>Q) ^ (Q>P)

Bi-conditional

Question 15

Formalize: P is a necessary and sufficient condition of Q

Answer 15

(P>Q) ^ (Q>P)

Bi-conditional
“sufficient”= antecedent
“necessary”= consequent