Evolution (exam 1 BIOL122)

Question 1

The Scientific Method

Answer 1

1. observation
2. hypothesis
3. prediction
4. experiment
5. analyze

Question 2

12 Necessary Elements to support life…

Answer 2

CHOPKNS CaFe Mg NaCl

“C-HOPKNS CaFe is Mighty Good if you bring salt”

Question 3

To be alive you must have… (7)

Answer 3

1. Metabolism
2. cell(s)
3. reproduction
4. behavior
5. growth
6. eat
7. death

Question 4

For plants to build their leaves and stems, they need…

Answer 4

Water and carbon dioxide!

CO2 + H2O -> C6H12O6 + O2

Question 5

Biological Evolution

Answer 5

changes in gene frequencies in populations over time

Question 6

5 Mechanisms of Evolution…

Answer 6

1. Natural Selection
2. Sexual Selection
3. Genetic Drift
4. Mutation
5. Immigration/ Emigration

Question 7

For natural selection to occur…

Answer 7

• variation of traits exists
• variation is heritable
• differential in survival and reproduction

Question 8

Phenotypic Plasticity

Answer 8

individuals changing in their lifetime
Example: getting muscles does not pass onto your children directly

Question 9

Russian Fox Experiment showed…

Answer 9

• Pleiotropy: changing 1 gene has multiple effect which allows for rapid changes
• selecting foxes to breed based on the specific trait, tameness, changed fur color and ear shape as well

Question 10

Darwin’s Finches

Answer 10

• drought killed 84% of the population of finches which allowed for varied types of seed species to form
• change in beak depth by increasing in 0.8mm in 2 years
• after more time passes, beaks are likely to get smaller due to the availability of smaller seeds

Question 11

Homology

Answer 11

organisms that resemble each other because of shared ancestry

Question 12

Convergent Evolution

Answer 12

similar environmental pressures cause same traits to occur in species not directly related (opposite of homology)

Question 13

Vestigial Traits

Answer 13

traits that share no current function but are retained due to homology
Ex) whale’s hip bone is left over from when they were a land animal

Question 14

Fitness

Answer 14

an organisms amount of offspring that it can have relative to the rest of the population

Question 15

Stabilizing Selection

Answer 15

“Middle”
- favors mean value traits
- no change in mean
- reduces phenotypic variance
Fitness Graph: ^
Response Function: smooshed bell curve

Question 16

Directional Selection

Answer 16

• favors extreme values of a trait
• reduces phenotype variance
• mean changes
  Fitness Graph: increasing/ decreasing line
  Response Function: bell curve shift

Question 17

Disruptive Selection

Answer 17

“2 peaks”
- favors extreme values of a trait
- increases phenotypic variance of trait
- limited affect on mean
Fitness Graph: V
Response Function: 2 peaks w/ dip in the middle

Question 18

Intrasexual Selection

Answer 18

“within”
males compete directly with other males for mating
Ex) giraffes necking each other

Question 19

Intersexual selection

Answer 19

“between”
favoring of traits in one sex that attracts the other
Ex) peacock tails

Question 20

Genetic Drift

Answer 20

changes in gene frequencies over time due to random chance
- small population effects
- random disturbances
- founder/ bottleneck effect

Question 21

Genes

Answer 21

region (locus) of DNA that encodes 1 or more proteins

Question 22

Diploid (2n)

Answer 22

2 complete sets of chromosomes

Question 23

Haploid (1n)

Answer 23

1 set of chromosomes
Ex) sperm, egg

Question 24

Gene Pool

Answer 24

total alleles in a population

Question 25

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

Answer 25

• math test if evolution is occurring
• examins gene frequencies between generations
  p + q = 1.0
  p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.0

Question 26

p

Answer 26

Dominant Allele (B)
0-1.0
(# alleles B / # total Alleles)

Question 27

q

Answer 27

Recessive Allele (b)
0-1.0
(# alleles b / # total Alleles)\