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foundations of medicine 1 > life at the cellular level (1) - cells > Flashcards

life at the cellular level (1) - cells Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cell

A

the functional unit of all living things
It is composed of cells and each cell is a membrane-bound volume of cytoplasm, containing DNA with the necessary genetic information to direct the development of the cell

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2
Q

how many cells do all organisms consist of

A

one or more

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3
Q

how do cells arise

A

all cells only arise from pre-existing cells

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4
Q

what do all cells have

A

a cell membrane and cel organelles

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5
Q

what are cell organelles

A

the machinery of the cell

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6
Q

what must all substances entering or leaving the cell cross

A

the cell membrane

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7
Q

List the features common to most cells

A 
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Cytosol
Ribosomes
Nucleus (eukaryote)
Nucleoid (prokaryote)

Eukaryotic cells possess a complex cytoskeleton and is organised into internal compartments

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8
Q

what are the domains of life

A

prokaryotes
eukaryotes
archea (but we will not be looking at this)

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9
Q

what domain of life do human cells belong to

A

eukaryotes

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10
Q

what domain of life do bacterial cells belong to

A

prokaryotes

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11
Q

what domain of life do multicellular animal and plant cells belong to

A

eukaryotes

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12
Q

what do eukaryotic cells contain

A

nucleus with membrane

membrane bound organelles

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13
Q

what do prokaryotic cells contain

A

lack nuclear membrane
no mitochondria
no membrane bound organelles

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14
Q

what are stem cells

A

cells that can differentiate into many (multipotent) or any (pluripotent) cell types of the body

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15
Q

why are stem cells clinically of great interest

A

as recent advancements in medical science now allow stem cells to be used in the treatment of certain diseases including some cancers

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16
Q

what can undifferentiated stem cells do

A

divide and give rise to daughter cells

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17
Q

what do differences in gene expression and the local cellular environmental cause

A

the daughter cells to develop into different cell types

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18
Q

what is apoptosis

A

controlled, programmed cell death

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19
Q

is apoptosis a normal process

A

yes, it is a normal process and essential for normal finction

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20
Q

what is apoptosis intimately coupled with

A

cell proliferation

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21
Q

what is cell proliferation

A

the process by which a cell grows and divides to produce two daughter cells

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22
Q

what is a loss of balance between apoptosis and proliferation associated with

A

some cancers

23
Q

what is necrosis

A

it describes the untimely death of cells in response to injury or infection

24
Q

is necrosis a normal process

A

no

25
Q

what are cancer cells

A

they divide with out any control
fail to coordinate with normal cells
fail to differentiate into specialised cells
displace and replace the normal cells - if not stopped

26
Q

what is the cell membrane

A

Sometimes called the plasma membrane or plasmalemma
Comprises a double layer of lipid with attached phosphate groups = phospholipid bilayer
Forms a selective barrier, (being choosy about what it allows to cross in or out of the cell)
Embedded in the membrane are proteins which act as receptors to detect chemical messengers and signalling molecules in the fluid surrounding cells (extracellular fluid)

27
Q

cells are very small, more than 200 red blood cells could fit easily on a pin head, why is being small advantageous

A

there is a high surface are to volume ratio meaning there is a lot more surface are for substances to enter and leave the cell, making the work of the cell more efficient

28
Q

what is the nucleus

A

Contains DNA, nucleoprotein and some RNA
Nucleoli are sites of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosomal assembly
The nucleus is enclosed in the nuclear membrane which, like all biological membranes, is a phospholipid bilayer. It is closely associated with the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

29
Q

what are the different types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

rough (RER) and smooth (SER)

30
Q

why is it called the rough ER

A

because it has ribosomes attached giving it the “rough” appearance

31
Q

what do ribosomes do

A

synthesise proteins

32
Q

what does the RER do

A

modifies proteins

33
Q

what does the SER do

A

SER has no ribosomes attached and is mainly associated with lipid and steroid hormone production and metabolism of toxins

34
Q

what does the golgi apparatus do

A

packages up protein (including enzymes) in preparation for transport out of the cell

35
Q

what is the structure of the mitochondria

A

Mitochondria are organelles bound by a phospholipid bilayer
Outer membrane contains pores
Inner membrane has cristae (folds)
Matrix contains most of the enzymes required for metabolising food molecules (e.g. Krebs cycle)

36
Q

what is the golgi aparatus

A

a membrane bound organelle

a series of flattened membrane discs

37
Q

what is the endoplasmic reticulum

A

a membrane bound organelle

forms a network of membrane tubules continuous with the nuclear membrane

38
Q

facts about the mitochondria

A

They have their own circular DNA
They have their own ribosomes – similar to bacterial ribosomes
They synthesise most of their own proteins
They can self-replicate

39
Q

what are enzymes

A

one form of protein packages by the golgi apparatus

40
Q

what do enzymes do

A

catalyse reactions in cells but need to be stored untill needed

41
Q

what are lysosomes

A

membrane bound vesicles containing enzymes - they separate enzymes from the rest of the cell

42
Q

when/where are lysosomes used

A

in autophagy (digestion of cells own materials) or digestion of engulfed particles (e.g. bacteria)

43
Q

what is the cytoskeleton

A

Supports and maintains cell shape
Holds organelles in position
Helps move organelles around the cell
It is compromised of one of three forms of protein

44
Q

what are the three forms of protein

A

microfillaments
intermediate fillaments
microtubules

45
Q

what form of protein is the cytoskeleton made of

A

microtubules

46
Q

what are microfillaments

A

made up of strands fo the protein actin

often interact with stands of other proteins

47
Q

what are intermediate filaments

A

made up of fibrous proteins organised into tough, rope-like assemblages that stabilize a cell’s structure and help maintain its shape

48
Q

what are microtubules

A

long, hollow cylinders made up of many molecules of the protein tubulin.

49
Q

what is tubulin

A

consists of two subunits α-tubulin and β-tubulin

50
Q

what do some cells have that is supported by the cytoskeleton

A

surface projections

51
Q

what are cilia and eukaryotic flegella made of

A

microtubules

52
Q

what is cilia

A

short, usually many present, move with stiff power stroke and flexible recovery stroke

53
Q

what is flagella

A

longer, usually one or two present, movement is snakelike

foundations of medicine 1 (7 decks)

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