life at cellular level

Question 1

define metabolism

Answer 1

all the chemical reactions taking place inside cells

including those that consume or generate energy

Question 2

catabolism v anabolism

Answer 2

degradation v synthesis

releasing energy v consuming energy

Question 3

describe how metabolism, catabolism, anabolism are interdependent

Answer 3

all work together to produce energy and repair cells

Question 4

describe in general terms, including structure and contributions to metabolic flow of ATP, ADP, NADP, NAD, FAD

Question 5

compare substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 5

substrate level phosphorylation is direct phosphorylation of ADP with a phosphate group by using energy obtained from a coupled reaction
whereas
oxidative phosphorylation is production of ATP from oxidized NADH and FADH2

Question 6

define major elements used to construct human biomolecules

Answer 6

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen

phosphorus

Question 7

state importance of chemical functional groups and molecular configuration and conformation in determining biomolecular function

Answer 7

functional groups = portion of molecule capable of characteristic reactions - determine properties and chemistry of many organic compounds

key to understanding nature’s intricate design mechanisms and blueprints

Question 8

list and give examples of 5 kinds of chemical reaction occurring in living organisms

Answer 8

redox 
making and breaking C-C bonds
internal rearrangements
group transfers
condensation and hydrolysis

Question 9

structures of proteins

Question 10

structures of nucleic acids

Answer 10

nucleotide

Question 11

structures of polysaccharides ie CHOs

Question 12

structures of lipids

Answer 12

triacylglycerols

- 3 fatty acids : 1 glycerol

Question 13

describe structures present in all cell types

Question 14

eukaryotic plasma membrane structure and function

Question 15

define role of cytoskeleton

Question 16

define term ‘hydrogen bond’

Question 17

describe interactions between water molecules and solutes determining solubility

Question 18

define pH

Question 19

define buffer

Question 20

open energy system

Answer 20

energy can be exchanged with its surroundings

eg biological organisms

Question 21

closed energy system

Answer 21

cannot exchange energy with surroundings

Question 22

energy

Answer 22

ability to do work, or to create change

exists in different forms eg electrical, light, heat

Question 23

1st law of thermodynamics

Answer 23

total amount of energy in universe is constant and conserved
energy may be transferred between places or transformed into different forms
energy cannot be created or destroyed

Question 24

2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 24

all energy transfers and transformations are never completely efficient
some amount of energy will be lost, most often in the form of heat

Question 25

entropy

Answer 25

measure of disorder within a system

therefore high entropy = high disorder and low energy

Question 26

free energy

Answer 26

energy available after losses are accounted for

usable energy, available to do work

Question 27

free energy in exergonic reaction

Answer 27

negative number, products < reactants

exergonic = spontaneous

Question 28

free energy, endergonic reactions

Answer 28

positive value, products > reactants

endergonic will not take place without addition of free energy