life as an integrative level of organization Flashcards
what is taxonomy
the science of naming groups of biological organisms on shared characteristics
what is the three domains of taxonomy
bacteria
archaea
eukarya
what are some commonly accepted kingdoms
archaebacteria
eubacteria
fungi
plants
animals
protista:
(any eukaryotic organism thats not a plant or fungus
based on organization of cellular structures how many groups can cells be divided into
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
what is cytoplasm
the material within a eukaryotic cell enclosed by the cell membrane, except the nucleous
what is nucleoplasm
material within the nucleus
what is cytosol
the fluid part of the cytoplasm
what is intracellular fluid
all the fluids present inside of the cell
all living organisms contain…
DNA
what is DNA
it harbors genes
where is the DNA blueprint from
its transmitted from parents to off spring
the mechanism for reading DNA blue print is…
common to all forms of life
what is a prokaryotes nucleoid like
it is a single circular molecule
in a prokaryote what is the plasma membrane surrounded by
a cell wall coated with a glycocalyx
how does many bacteria and archaean move
using long flagella
how can cells be extracted and analyzed through cell fractionation
through centrifugation
in centrifugation what is the heaviest thing that can be separated
nuclei
following te nuclei what is the second heaviest thing that is extracted
mitochondria
following the mitochondria what is the third heaviest thing that can be extracted
ribosomes
how much force is required to centrifuges out the nuclei
500g (500x the force of gravity)
how much force is requires to centrifuges out the mitochondria
20,000g
how much force is required to centrifuges out the ribosomes
150,000g
where does the mitocondria come from
from the mother cell
what are genes organized into
chromosmones
what are chromosomes
a condensed form of DNA
what does the chromo and somes mean
cromo-colour
somes-body
what point in the cellular cycle will chromatin compact
in prophase
are chromosomes transcriputally active
no they must relax into chromatin
what makes up the nuclear envolope
nuclear pores
phospholipid bilayer
space between nuclear membranes
inner nuclear membrane
on the outside:
nuclear pores
ribosomes
what is an amino acid chain
a polypeptide chain
what kind of bonds are peptide bonds
covalent bonds
what is the nucleoplasm
a gel like fluid within the nucleus
what makes up the nucleoplasm
-filled with chromatin
what is chromatin in the nucleoplasm
-a complex of relaxed DNA molecules and protein
-during cell devision, chromatin coiled into the highly condensed chromosomes
were is the nucleous
within the nucleus
what is the nucleous the site for
the site of rRNA transcription, processing and ribosome assembly in eukaryotes
what do rRNA aggregates do with proteins
they assemble the ribosomal subunits that exist the nucleous through nuclear pore complexes
how are ribosomes constructed
out of one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and a variety of proteins
what happens at the ribosomes
it is the site of translation of mRNA into polypeptide chains
what are the two major subunits ribosomes are made of and what are there functions
the small subunits reads the mRNA
the large subunit-the catalytic subunit
