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Biology 120 > Lab 4 > Flashcards

Lab 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is Asexual reproduction

A

done through mitotic cell division, results in offspring which are genetically identical to the parent organism

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2
Q

organism which reproduce sexually produce…

A

genetically variable offspring

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3
Q

what does meiosis produce

A

gametes (egg and sperm) in animals and spores in plants

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4
Q

what does ploidy refer to

A

the number of “sets” of chromosomes found in a cell

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5
Q

what are diploid organisms

A

they have two sets of chromosomes in their cells; for every chromosome in the nucleus there is another chromosome that is the same size, shape, and carrying the same genes (AKA homologous chromosomes)

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6
Q

what are homologous chromosomes

A

they have two sets of chromosomes in their cells; for every chromosome in the nucleus there is another chromosome that is the same size, shape, and carrying the same genes

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7
Q

when referring to diploid organisms or cells what format do we use

A

2n=number of chromosomes
i.g. most human cells are diploid and contain 46 chromosomes in 23 homologous pairs which is written as 2n=46

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8
Q

do all animals have the same amount of chromosomes

A

not they do not

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9
Q

what are haploid cells

A

they only have one type of chromosome in the nucleus (there is no homologous partner for each chromosome)
i.g. eukaryotes are said to he haploid

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10
Q

when referring to haploid organisms or cells what format do we use

A

n=number of chromosomes

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11
Q

are human gametes haploid or diploid?

A

they are haploid; they have the haploid number of chromosomes so n=23

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12
Q

what is interkinesis

A

an interphase like stage between meiosis one and two. but unlike interphase there is no DNA replication, and this stage is usally very short

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13
Q

what is done in meiosis two

A

it separates replicated chromosomes into single chromosomes

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14
Q

what happens in prophase two

A

-replicated chromosomes condense again
-new spindle apparatus forms

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15
Q

what happens in pro metaphase two

A

-nuclear envelope disintegrates again
-spindle microtubules attach to the centromeres of each replicated chromosome

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16
Q

what happens in metaphase two

A

replicated chromosomes line up individually along the metaphase plate of each daughter cell

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17
Q

what happens in anaphase two

A

centromeres of each replicated chromosome separate and the resulting single chromosomes are moved to opposite poles by the spindle apparatus

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18
Q

what happen in telophase two

A

-single chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and start to uncoil
-spindle apparatus disappears
-nuclear envelopes will reform
-nucleoli will become visable
-cytokinesis begins
-at the end of tel 2 there will be 4 daughter cells, each containing the haploid number of single chromosomes (n=2)

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19
Q

what happens in prophase 1

A

-replicated chromosomes condense
-spindle microtubules begin to form
-homologous chromosomes pair up (process called synapsis) form tetrads
-genetic exchange occurs between homologous chromosomes during a process called crossing over

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20
Q

what happens in prometaphase 1

A

-nuclear envelope disintegrates
-spindle microtubules attach to centromeres of each replicated chromosome

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21
Q

what happens in metaphase 1

A

-tetrads are lined up along the midregion (metaphase plate) of the cell

22
Q

what is anaphase 1

A

the homologous chromosomes separate form each other and are moved to opposite poles of the cell by the spindle apparatus

23
Q

what happens in telophase 1

A

-replicated chromosomes arrive at poles and begin to uncoil
-spindle apparatus disappears
-nuclear envelopes start to reform
-cytokenesis begins (by furrow in animal cells and cell plate in plant)
-at the end of telophase 1 each daughter cell contains the haploid number of replicated chromosomes (n=2)

24
Q

how and where does meiosis occur in plants

A

in diploid cells sporocytes within reporductive organs called sporangia to form haploid spores

25
Q

how can you determine weather a particular cell is in division one or two in a lily anther

A

the final product of meiosis in the lily anther if four haploid cells called microspores. the four cells will seperate from one another and each one will devide by mitosis to become a mature pollen grain

26
Q

what things can you label when labeling a lily anther slide

A

-cell wall
-cytoplasm
-chromosomes
-cell plate and spindle where applicable

27
Q

what is alternation of generations

A

-plants have a complex life cycle and that is what its called.
-it means that they have distinct multicellular haploid and diploid stages

28
Q

what is the diploid generation of the plant life called and what does it produce

A

its called the sporophyte
it produces haploid spores by meiosis within the structures called sporangia

29
Q

what is sporangia

A

the haploid spores by meiosis within the structures

30
Q

what is gametophyte

A

when spores (sporangia) undergo metosis to produce multicellular haploid gametophyte

31
Q

what happens within gametophyte

A

reporductive organs will produce gametes (sperm and eggs) by mitosis

32
Q

most sporophyte dominat meaning…

A

the multicellular diploid stage is the most obvious stage of the life cycle

33
Q

what is the life cycle of a fern polypodium like

A

it althernates between the dominant multicellular diploid stage and a smaller, independent multicellular haploid stage

34
Q

what kind of lifecycle does lily and chives have

A

a sporophyte dominant life cycle

35
Q

what are pollen grains

A

the tiny male gametophytes of flowering plants

36
Q

what does the large fern leaves grow out from

A

horizintal underground stem called rhizome which bears many roots

37
Q

in most ferns what develops on the underside of mature leaves

A

brown spots called sori (singular sorus)

38
Q

what should you be able to identify on a sorus slide

A

sporangium
sporangial stalk
spores

39
Q

what happens when spores land in suitable areas of soil

A

they will germinate and if conditions are favourable it will divide mitotically to produce a multicellular haploid gametophyte generation

40
Q

what is the ferns gametophyte

A

typically a tiny hear shaped plant (also called prothallus)
each gametophyte developed fine, root like structures called rhizoids on its surface

41
Q

on ferns groups of cells on the underside of the gametophyte develop into…

A

reproductive organs called antheridia (male) and archegonia (female)

42
Q

mitosis in antheridia gives rise to… and…

A

flagellate sperm cells while single egg cell develops in each archegonium

43
Q

what happens when flagellate sperm cells are mature

A

they are released from the antheridium and swim in a film of water to the archegonium to fertilize an egg cell

44
Q

what happens after fertilization of a fern gametophytes

A

the diploid zygotes develops by repeated mitotic divisions into a new sporophyte plant

45
Q

how do sporophyte meet there nutritional requirements

A

initially the sporophyte is nutritonally dependent on the gametophyte in which it is embedded. once the sporophyte develops roots and photosynthetic leaves the gametophyte degenerates

46
Q

what is crossing over

A

in animal cells the exchange of genetic material between non sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes

47
Q

when does the process of crossing over occur

A

during prophase 1 of meiosis

48
Q

what is the region in which crossing over occurs in

A

it occurs in a region called chriasma (plural chrismat)

49
Q

in animals meiosis only occurs in… and results in the production of…

A

ovaries and testes, haploid gametes (egg or sperm)

50
Q

what happens when the the haploid egg and sperm combine during fertalization

A

they form a diploid zygote cell which develops into the new multicellular diploid individual by mitosis

51
Q

meiosis 1…

A

halves the number of chromosomes ie… diploid to haploid

52
Q

meiosis 2…

A

separates replicated chromosomes into single chromosomes (these cells are already haploid)

Biology 120 (15 decks)

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