Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Science - Teas > Life and Physical science > Flashcards

Life and Physical science Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 4 major macromolecules

A

carbs, protein, lipids, nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 4 main macros involved in

A

anabolic reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 4 molecules invplved in catabolic reactions

A

monosaccarides, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is an anabolic reaction

A

builds larger and more complex moleculesfrom smaler ones, require energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is a catabolic reaction

A

larger molecules are broken down into smaller and simpler ones, release energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is an endothermic reaction

A

chemical reacion that absorbs heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is a exothermic reaction

A

a reaction that releases heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are carbs easily converted into

A

glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what happens to carbs to get energy

A

they are oxidized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the function of carbs

A

main source of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are exaples of simple sugars

A

glucose, fructose, and galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the carb ratio of carbon to water

A

1:2:1 - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a polymer

A

a compound of large molecules formed by repeating monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a lipid

A

molecule that is soluble in a nonpolar solvents, also hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what kind of bonds do lipids have

A

C_H bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are lipids similar to

A

hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

major fole of lipids

A

energy storage and structural functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what a re fatty acids made up of

A

3 fatty acids bou nd to a glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

phospholipids

A

lipids that have a phosphate groupd rather than a fatty acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

glycerides

A

fat and oil, formed from fatty acids and glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

proteins are formed by

A

amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

amino acids put together make up

A

polypeptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

define condensation reaction

A

loss of water when two molecuels are joined togeter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

define hydrolysis reaction

A

water is added

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

how are peptides bonded together

A

condensation reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is a peptide

A

compound of 2 or more amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how are amino acids formed

A

partial hydrolysis of a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what are the groups that form an amide bond

A

and amino group and carboxylic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is a carboxylic acis

A

(-COOH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is an amine group

A

(-NH2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the R group

A

the group that makes all of the amino acids different

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is an enzyme

A

a protein with strong catalytic power

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

function of amino acid

A

accelerate the speed at whcih reactions approach equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

each enzyme deals with

A

reactants or substrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what nucleic acids made up of

A

nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is broken down with hydrolysis

A

hydrogen cation and hydroxide anions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

oligonudleotides

A

RNA and DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what are oligonucleotides broken down into

A

nucleosides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

nucleotides are jointed to make

A

phosphodiester bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is nitrogen fixation

A

a process used to synthexize nucleotides for DNA and amino acids for proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

function of nucleic acids

A

store information and energy and are also catalysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what catalyzes the transfer of DNA genetic info

A

RNA

43
Q

what is DNA genetic information transfered into

A

protein coded information

44
Q

what is ATP

A

an RNA nucleotide

45
Q

what are nucleotides made up of

A

5 simple sugars

46
Q

What do chromosomes consist of

A

Genes

47
Q

what do chromosomes consist of

A

genes - which are single units or genetic information

48
Q

What is shape is DNA

A

a double helix

49
Q

what does DNA consist of

A

nucleotides

50
Q

what do nucleotides consist of

A

5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

51
Q

how many types of nitrogenous bases are there

A

4

52
Q

what are the nitrogenous bases

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine

53
Q

what is each base attached to

A

a phosphate and a sugar

54
Q

what are the base pairs

A

A & T, C & G

55
Q

what are the pyrimidine bases

A

cytosine, thymine, and uracil

56
Q

what shape are pyrimidine bases

A

six-sided and have a single ring

57
Q

what are the purine bases

A

adenine and guanine

58
Q

what shape are purine bases

A

two attached rings

59
Q

what do bases become when attached to a sguar

A

a nucleoside

60
Q

what are the components of DNA from simplest to most complex

A

base, nucleoside, nucleotide, then DNA

61
Q

difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide

A

a nucleoside is a base attached only to a sugar, and a nucleotide is a base and sugar attached to a phosphate group

62
Q

what is a codon

A

a group of 3 nucleotides on messenger RNA

63
Q

what code does a codon have

A

a single amino acid

64
Q

how many codons are there for 20 amino acids

A

64

65
Q

what pattern can a codon have

A

any, AAA, AAG, AGA, etc.

66
Q

what are start and stop codons

A

they indicate the beginning and ending of a sequence

67
Q

what happens to DNA when replication starts

A

it unwinds

68
Q

what are the steps in DNA replication controlled by

A

enzymes

69
Q

what enzyme starts to defore the DNA

A

helicase, - deforms the hydrogen bonds

70
Q

where does the splitting of DNA start

A

with adenine and thymine

71
Q

what is each strand of DNA transcribed by

A

a mRNA

72
Q

what does mRNA do

A

copies the DNA unto itself, base by base

73
Q

what is the exception in DNA replication that mRNA uses

A

uracil in place of thymine

74
Q

what does RNA do

A

acts as a helper and carries out a number of functions

75
Q

what types of RNA are there

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

76
Q

what is mRNA, and what does it do

A

Messenger RNA, carries a copy of a strand of DNA and transports it from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

77
Q

what is transcription

A

the process in which RNA polymerase copies DNA into RNA

78
Q

what is translation

A

the process whereby ribosomes use transcribed RNA to put together the needed protein

79
Q

what is tRNA and what does it do

A

transfer RNA, it helps in the translation process and is found in the cytoplasm

80
Q

where is rRNA found

A

in Ribosomes

81
Q

what sugars do DNA and RNA have

A

DNA - deoxyribose sugar

RNA - ribose sugar

82
Q

what are the bases of DNA and RNA

A

DNA - A,C,T, G

RNA - A, C, U, G,

83
Q

how many strands do DNA and RNA consist of

A

DNA - 2

RNA - 1

84
Q

what is the sugar pentose

A

a fully hydroxylated sugar the RNA uses

85
Q

what is Mendels 1st law

A

law of segregation

86
Q

what is Mendels 2nd law

A

law of independent assortment

87
Q

what is the law of segregation

A

Mendels 1st law, two alleles and half of the total number of alleles are contributed by each parent

88
Q

what is the law of independent assortment

A

Mendels 2nd law, states that traits are passed on randomly and are not influenced by other traits

89
Q

what is a phenotype

A

the physical showing of genes

90
Q

what is a genotype

A

the genetic make up of genes

91
Q

what is a gene a part of

A

the genetic code

92
Q

what do all genes collectively form

A

the genotype

93
Q

what is an allele

A

a variation of a gene, aka trait

94
Q

what does an allele determine

A

the manifestation of a gene

95
Q

example of the difference of gene and allele

A

gene - gentic information of eye color

allele - gene variations responsible for blue, green, brown etc

96
Q

what is a locus (loci)

A

refers to the location of a gene or allele

97
Q

what id DD or dd classified as

A

homosygous pair

98
Q

what is Dd classified as

A

heterozygous pair

99
Q

what is a genetic cross

A

all of the possible combinations of alleles

100
Q

what is a monohybrid cross

A

a cross only involving one trait

101
Q

what is a dihybrid cross

A

a cross involving more than one trait

102
Q

what is the ratio of a dihybrid cross

A

9:3:3:1 - when traits are not linked

103
Q

what is codominence

A

the expression of both alleles so that both traits are shown

104
Q

definition of plymorphic

A

A gene with at least 3 possible alleles (multiple alleles)

Science - Teas (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions