Life and Physical science Flashcards
what are the 4 major macromolecules
carbs, protein, lipids, nucleic acids
what are the 4 main macros involved in
anabolic reactions
what are the 4 molecules invplved in catabolic reactions
monosaccarides, amino acids, fatty acids, and nucleotides
what is an anabolic reaction
builds larger and more complex moleculesfrom smaler ones, require energy
what is a catabolic reaction
larger molecules are broken down into smaller and simpler ones, release energy
what is an endothermic reaction
chemical reacion that absorbs heat
what is a exothermic reaction
a reaction that releases heat
what are carbs easily converted into
glucose
what happens to carbs to get energy
they are oxidized
what is the function of carbs
main source of energy
what are exaples of simple sugars
glucose, fructose, and galactose
what is the carb ratio of carbon to water
1:2:1 - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
what is a polymer
a compound of large molecules formed by repeating monomers
what is a lipid
molecule that is soluble in a nonpolar solvents, also hydrophobic
what kind of bonds do lipids have
C_H bonds
what are lipids similar to
hydrocarbons
major fole of lipids
energy storage and structural functions
what a re fatty acids made up of
3 fatty acids bou nd to a glycerol
phospholipids
lipids that have a phosphate groupd rather than a fatty acid
glycerides
fat and oil, formed from fatty acids and glycerol
proteins are formed by
amino acids
amino acids put together make up
polypeptides
define condensation reaction
loss of water when two molecuels are joined togeter
define hydrolysis reaction
water is added
how are peptides bonded together
condensation reaction
what is a peptide
compound of 2 or more amino acids
how are amino acids formed
partial hydrolysis of a protein
what are the groups that form an amide bond
and amino group and carboxylic acid
what is a carboxylic acis
(-COOH)
what is an amine group
(-NH2)
what is the R group
the group that makes all of the amino acids different
what is an enzyme
a protein with strong catalytic power
function of amino acid
accelerate the speed at whcih reactions approach equilibrium
each enzyme deals with
reactants or substrates
what nucleic acids made up of
nucleotides
what is broken down with hydrolysis
hydrogen cation and hydroxide anions
oligonudleotides
RNA and DNA
what are oligonucleotides broken down into
nucleosides
nucleotides are jointed to make
phosphodiester bonds
what is nitrogen fixation
a process used to synthexize nucleotides for DNA and amino acids for proteins
function of nucleic acids
store information and energy and are also catalysts
what catalyzes the transfer of DNA genetic info
RNA
what is DNA genetic information transfered into
protein coded information
what is ATP
an RNA nucleotide
what are nucleotides made up of
5 simple sugars
What do chromosomes consist of
Genes
what do chromosomes consist of
genes - which are single units or genetic information
What is shape is DNA
a double helix
what does DNA consist of
nucleotides
what do nucleotides consist of
5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
how many types of nitrogenous bases are there
4
what are the nitrogenous bases
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
what is each base attached to
a phosphate and a sugar
what are the base pairs
A & T, C & G
what are the pyrimidine bases
cytosine, thymine, and uracil
what shape are pyrimidine bases
six-sided and have a single ring
what are the purine bases
adenine and guanine
what shape are purine bases
two attached rings
what do bases become when attached to a sguar
a nucleoside
what are the components of DNA from simplest to most complex
base, nucleoside, nucleotide, then DNA
difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide
a nucleoside is a base attached only to a sugar, and a nucleotide is a base and sugar attached to a phosphate group
what is a codon
a group of 3 nucleotides on messenger RNA
what code does a codon have
a single amino acid
how many codons are there for 20 amino acids
64
what pattern can a codon have
any, AAA, AAG, AGA, etc.
what are start and stop codons
they indicate the beginning and ending of a sequence
what happens to DNA when replication starts
it unwinds
what are the steps in DNA replication controlled by
enzymes
what enzyme starts to defore the DNA
helicase, - deforms the hydrogen bonds
where does the splitting of DNA start
with adenine and thymine
what is each strand of DNA transcribed by
a mRNA
what does mRNA do
copies the DNA unto itself, base by base
what is the exception in DNA replication that mRNA uses
uracil in place of thymine
what does RNA do
acts as a helper and carries out a number of functions
what types of RNA are there
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
what is mRNA, and what does it do
Messenger RNA, carries a copy of a strand of DNA and transports it from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
what is transcription
the process in which RNA polymerase copies DNA into RNA
what is translation
the process whereby ribosomes use transcribed RNA to put together the needed protein
what is tRNA and what does it do
transfer RNA, it helps in the translation process and is found in the cytoplasm
where is rRNA found
in Ribosomes
what sugars do DNA and RNA have
DNA - deoxyribose sugar
RNA - ribose sugar
what are the bases of DNA and RNA
DNA - A,C,T, G
RNA - A, C, U, G,
how many strands do DNA and RNA consist of
DNA - 2
RNA - 1
what is the sugar pentose
a fully hydroxylated sugar the RNA uses
what is Mendels 1st law
law of segregation
what is Mendels 2nd law
law of independent assortment
what is the law of segregation
Mendels 1st law, two alleles and half of the total number of alleles are contributed by each parent
what is the law of independent assortment
Mendels 2nd law, states that traits are passed on randomly and are not influenced by other traits
what is a phenotype
the physical showing of genes
what is a genotype
the genetic make up of genes
what is a gene a part of
the genetic code
what do all genes collectively form
the genotype
what is an allele
a variation of a gene, aka trait
what does an allele determine
the manifestation of a gene
example of the difference of gene and allele
gene - gentic information of eye color
allele - gene variations responsible for blue, green, brown etc
what is a locus (loci)
refers to the location of a gene or allele
what id DD or dd classified as
homosygous pair
what is Dd classified as
heterozygous pair
what is a genetic cross
all of the possible combinations of alleles
what is a monohybrid cross
a cross only involving one trait
what is a dihybrid cross
a cross involving more than one trait
what is the ratio of a dihybrid cross
9:3:3:1 - when traits are not linked
what is codominence
the expression of both alleles so that both traits are shown
definition of plymorphic
A gene with at least 3 possible alleles (multiple alleles)
