life Flashcards
the process of ingesting and absorbing food to provide the energy for life, promote growth, and repair or replace damages tissues.
a. Nutrition
involves movement of nutrients water, ions, and other materials into and out of the various cells and tissues of organisms. This process includes absorption of small molecules across cell membranes and secretion of biochemicals such as enzymes, mucous, and hormones. In many species, the circulatory system plays an important role in transport.
b. Transport
includes the process by which nutrients and simple molecules are used to form more complex molecules for growth, repair, and reproduction (anabolism). Metabolism also includes the process of breaking down complex molecules to release energy from chemical bonds (catabolism) and to provide small molecules such as simple sugars and amino acids as budding blocks for more complex molecules (anabolism).
c. Metabolism
refers to the process which builds molecules the body needs; it usually requires energy for completion
Anabolism
refers to the process that breaks down complex molecules into smaller molecules; it usually releases energy for the organism to use.
Catabolism
d. An internal balance in all aspects of metabolism and biological function is called *.
homeostasis
is a special form of catabolism that breaks food down into smaller molecules and releases energy.
e. Digestion
allows small molecules to pass through cell membranes throughout the body tissues. This allows for a gas exchange and in some species such as plants and fungi nutrients are obtained by absorption from soil and water.
f. Absorption
is the reproduction without the use of gametes or sex cells. One parent organism ran reproduce by itself.
- Asexual
is the splitting of the body of an organism into two identical parts. (e.g., Paramecia and planaria)
a. Fission
is the growing of bud out of the parent cells of bodies which when detached can grow into another organism that resembles the appearance of parent (e.g., sponges, and yeast)
b. Budding -
is the spore formation as in fern plant and mushrooms.
c. Sporulation
requires the union of male and female gametes called “fertilization”. Male gametes are called sperm cells and female gametes are called egg cells. Fertilization is classified into two types, namely:
- Sexual
the union of sperm cells and egg cells happen outside the body of the female organisms. (e.g., seashells, starfishes, frogs, fishes)
a. External Fertilization -
the union of sperm cells and egg cells happen inside the body of a female organism (e.g., higher forms of animals and human)
b. Internal Fertilization -
produces pores for propagation
Non- flowering or non seed forming plants
seeds are expose or naked, meaning they are not enclosed within fruits. They do not produce fruits, instead they form cones.
a. Gymnosperms
sees are found within fruits.
b. Angiosperms
Similar kinds of cells are organized into structural and functional units, or tissues, which make up the plant as a whole, and new cells (and tissues) are formed at growing points of actively dividing cells. These growing points, called * , are located either at the stem and root tips (), where they are responsible for the primary growth of plants, or laterally in stems and roots (), where they are responsible for secondary plants growth.
meristems, apical meristems, lateral meristems
Three tissue systems are recognized in vascular plants:
dermal, vascular, and ground (or fundamental).
The dermal system consists of the * , or outermost layer, of the plants body. It forms the skin of the plants, covering the leaves, flowers, roots, fruits, and seeds. Epidermal cells vary greatly in function and structure.
epidermis
The * consists of two kinds of conducting tissues: the xylem, responsible for conduction of * and dissolved mineral nutrients, and the phloem, responsible for conduction of *. The xylem also stores food and helps support the plants.
vascular tissue system
water, food
The * consists of two types of conducting cells: tracheids and vessels. Elongated cells, with tapered ends and secondary walls, both types lack cytoplasm and are dead at maturity. The walls have pits—areas in which secondary thickening does not occur—through which water moves from cell to cell. Vessels usually are shorter and broader than tracheids, and in addition to pits they have perforation—areas of the cell wall that lack both primary and secondary thickenings and through which water and dissolved nutrients may freely pass
xylem
The * , or food-conducting tissue, consists of cells that are living at maturity. The principal cells of phloem, the sieve elements, are so called because of the clusters of pores in their walls through which the protoplasts of adjoining cells are connected. Two types of sieve elements occur: sieve cells, with narrow pores in rather uniform clusters on the cell walls, and sieve-tube members, with larger pores on some walls of the cell than on others. Although the sieve elements contain cytoplasm at maturity, the nucleus and other organelles are lacking. Associated with the sieve elements are companion cells that do contain nuclei and that are responsible for manufacturing and secreting substances into the sieve elements and removing waste products from them.
phloem
The word xylem means “”. Two types of sclerenchymal cells make up the majority of the xylem tissue. * are long, relatively thin, and tapered; their narrow diameter allows them to hold water by adhesion (that is, the cell walls and water molecules attract each other) against the force of gravity. * elements are wider and shorter. Vessels make up most of the hard wood characteristic of woody flowering plants.
wood, Tracheids, Vessel
The word phloem means “*”, although phloem is only the innermost layer of bark. Two types of cells make up the majority of phloem tissue. * are specialized to transport sap. Unlike xylem (which is composed primarily of dead cells), the phloem is composed of still-living cells that transport sap.
bark, Sieve tube cells
is a water-based solution, but rich in sugars made by photosynthesis.
sap
A layer of outermost tissue known as the * develops at the stem surface. The epidermis produces a waxy surface coating known as the * , which helps to reduce water loss from the plant surface and to protect plants from damage by ultraviolet (UV) light, animals, and disease-causing microorganisms
epidermis, cuticle
Dispersed throughout the epidermis are paired, chloroplast-containing *, and between each pair is formed a small opening, or pore, called a stoma (plural: stomata).
guard cells
When the two guard cells are * (swollen with water), the stoma is open, and, when the two guard cells are *, it is closed. This controls the movement of gases, including water vapour in transpiration, into the atmosphere.
turgid , flaccid
- are slender extensions of specialized epidermal cells that greatly increase the surface area available for absorption. * are localized swellings in roots where bacterial cells exist symbiotically with plants
Root hairs, Root nodules
- are flowering plants (angiosperms) whose seeds typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon while * are angiosperms whose seeds have two embryonic leaves or cotyledons
Monocotyledons , dicotyledons
Stem vascular bundles:
m
d
m: scattered
d: arranged in a ring
root system
m
d
m: fibrous
d: taproot
leaf venation
m: parallel
d: branched or netted
Number of flower parts, pollen
m: multiple of three
d: four, five or multiple of these
Pollen
m: one pore or slit
d: three pores or slits
onion, corn, rice, sugarcane
monocots
tomatoes, cabbage, apple, peach
dicots
- is defined as a response of organisms to an internal or external stimulus.
Behavior
- is anything in the environment (water, heat, pressure, etc.) that triggers a physiological change in an organism.
Stimuli
- is a growth response that
depends on a stimulus that occurs in a particular direction.
Tropism
a substance that is metabolized by or incorporated into an organism for its growth and development
nutrient
- are chemical elements that are required
by plants and play many roles in plant metabolism, often functioning as enzyme cofactors. Elements that are generally required in amounts of at least 1 g/kg or above 0.5% of plant dry mass are known as * .
In contrast, elements that are needed in minute amounts or at less than 0.1 g/kg of plant dry mass are known as * ,or trace elements.
.Essential elements, macronutrients, micronutrients
C, H, O, N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S
Macronutrients
Cl, Fe, B, Mn, Zn, Co
Micronutrients
- tissue is composed of elongated cells with irregularly thickened walls. They provide structural support, particularly in growing shoots and leaves. Collenchyma is found chiefly in the cortex of stems and in leaves.
Collenchyma
- tissue is composed of * cells, which are usually dead at maturity (i.e., have lost their protoplasts). They characteristically contain very thick, hard secondary walls lined with lignin; Sclerenchyma cells are the principal supporting cells in plant tissues that have ceased elongation. Two types of sclerenchyma cells exist: fibers and sclereids
Sclerenchyma
- “the most common ground tissue” living cell. In most plants, metabolic activity (such as respiration, digestion, and photosynthesis), secretion and food and water storage occur in these cells. Parenchyma is usually present in cortex, pericycle, pith, and medullary rays in primary stem and root. They do not have a secondary cell wall at maturity and thus remain flexible and capable of elongation Stem parenchyma also has the ability to undergo cell division (meristematic capacity), which aids wound healing when stems are damaged.
Parenchyma
