life

Question 1

the process of ingesting and absorbing food to provide the energy for life, promote growth, and repair or replace damages tissues.

Answer 1

a. Nutrition

Question 2

involves movement of nutrients water, ions, and other materials into and out of the various cells and tissues of organisms. This process includes absorption of small molecules across cell membranes and secretion of biochemicals such as enzymes, mucous, and hormones. In many species, the circulatory system plays an important role in transport.

Answer 2

b. Transport

Question 3

includes the process by which nutrients and simple molecules are used to form more complex molecules for growth, repair, and reproduction (anabolism). Metabolism also includes the process of breaking down complex molecules to release energy from chemical bonds (catabolism) and to provide small molecules such as simple sugars and amino acids as budding blocks for more complex molecules (anabolism).

Answer 3

c. Metabolism

Question 4

refers to the process which builds molecules the body needs; it usually requires energy for completion

Answer 4

Anabolism

Question 5

refers to the process that breaks down complex molecules into smaller molecules; it usually releases energy for the organism to use.

Answer 5

Catabolism

Question 6

d. An internal balance in all aspects of metabolism and biological function is called *.

Answer 6

homeostasis

Question 7

is a special form of catabolism that breaks food down into smaller molecules and releases energy.

Answer 7

e. Digestion

Question 8

allows small molecules to pass through cell membranes throughout the body tissues. This allows for a gas exchange and in some species such as plants and fungi nutrients are obtained by absorption from soil and water.

Answer 8

f. Absorption

Question 9

is the reproduction without the use of gametes or sex cells. One parent organism ran reproduce by itself.

Answer 9

1. Asexual

Question 10

is the splitting of the body of an organism into two identical parts. (e.g., Paramecia and planaria)

Answer 10

a. Fission

Question 11

is the growing of bud out of the parent cells of bodies which when detached can grow into another organism that resembles the appearance of parent (e.g., sponges, and yeast)

Answer 11

b. Budding -

Question 12

is the spore formation as in fern plant and mushrooms.

Answer 12

c. Sporulation

Question 13

requires the union of male and female gametes called “fertilization”. Male gametes are called sperm cells and female gametes are called egg cells. Fertilization is classified into two types, namely:

Answer 13

2. Sexual

Question 14

the union of sperm cells and egg cells happen outside the body of the female organisms. (e.g., seashells, starfishes, frogs, fishes)

Answer 14

a. External Fertilization -

Question 15

the union of sperm cells and egg cells happen inside the body of a female organism (e.g., higher forms of animals and human)

Answer 15

b. Internal Fertilization -

Question 16

produces pores for propagation

Answer 16

Non- flowering or non seed forming plants

Question 17

seeds are expose or naked, meaning they are not enclosed within fruits. They do not produce fruits, instead they form cones.

Answer 17

a. Gymnosperms

Question 18

sees are found within fruits.

Answer 18

b. Angiosperms

Question 19

Similar kinds of cells are organized into structural and functional units, or tissues, which make up the plant as a whole, and new cells (and tissues) are formed at growing points of actively dividing cells. These growing points, called * , are located either at the stem and root tips (), where they are responsible for the primary growth of plants, or laterally in stems and roots (), where they are responsible for secondary plants growth.

Answer 19

meristems, apical meristems, lateral meristems

Question 20

Three tissue systems are recognized in vascular plants:

Answer 20

dermal, vascular, and ground (or fundamental).

Question 21

The dermal system consists of the * , or outermost layer, of the plants body. It forms the skin of the plants, covering the leaves, flowers, roots, fruits, and seeds. Epidermal cells vary greatly in function and structure.

Answer 21

epidermis

Question 22

The * consists of two kinds of conducting tissues: the xylem, responsible for conduction of * and dissolved mineral nutrients, and the phloem, responsible for conduction of *. The xylem also stores food and helps support the plants.

Answer 22

vascular tissue system

water, food

Question 23

The * consists of two types of conducting cells: tracheids and vessels. Elongated cells, with tapered ends and secondary walls, both types lack cytoplasm and are dead at maturity. The walls have pits—areas in which secondary thickening does not occur—through which water moves from cell to cell. Vessels usually are shorter and broader than tracheids, and in addition to pits they have perforation—areas of the cell wall that lack both primary and secondary thickenings and through which water and dissolved nutrients may freely pass

Answer 23

xylem

Question 24

The * , or food-conducting tissue, consists of cells that are living at maturity. The principal cells of phloem, the sieve elements, are so called because of the clusters of pores in their walls through which the protoplasts of adjoining cells are connected. Two types of sieve elements occur: sieve cells, with narrow pores in rather uniform clusters on the cell walls, and sieve-tube members, with larger pores on some walls of the cell than on others. Although the sieve elements contain cytoplasm at maturity, the nucleus and other organelles are lacking. Associated with the sieve elements are companion cells that do contain nuclei and that are responsible for manufacturing and secreting substances into the sieve elements and removing waste products from them.

Answer 24

phloem

Question 25

The word xylem means “”. Two types of sclerenchymal cells make up the majority of the xylem tissue. * are long, relatively thin, and tapered; their narrow diameter allows them to hold water by adhesion (that is, the cell walls and water molecules attract each other) against the force of gravity. * elements are wider and shorter. Vessels make up most of the hard wood characteristic of woody flowering plants.

Answer 25

wood, Tracheids, Vessel

Question 26

The word phloem means “*”, although phloem is only the innermost layer of bark. Two types of cells make up the majority of phloem tissue. * are specialized to transport sap. Unlike xylem (which is composed primarily of dead cells), the phloem is composed of still-living cells that transport sap.

Answer 26

bark, Sieve tube cells

Question 27

is a water-based solution, but rich in sugars made by photosynthesis.

Answer 27

sap

Question 28

A layer of outermost tissue known as the * develops at the stem surface. The epidermis produces a waxy surface coating known as the * , which helps to reduce water loss from the plant surface and to protect plants from damage by ultraviolet (UV) light, animals, and disease-causing microorganisms

Answer 28

epidermis, cuticle

Question 29

Dispersed throughout the epidermis are paired, chloroplast-containing *, and between each pair is formed a small opening, or pore, called a stoma (plural: stomata).

Answer 29

guard cells

Question 30

When the two guard cells are * (swollen with water), the stoma is open, and, when the two guard cells are *, it is closed. This controls the movement of gases, including water vapour in transpiration, into the atmosphere.

Answer 30

turgid , flaccid

Question 31

• are slender extensions of specialized epidermal cells that greatly increase the surface area available for absorption. * are localized swellings in roots where bacterial cells exist symbiotically with plants

Answer 31

Root hairs, Root nodules

Question 32

• are flowering plants (angiosperms) whose seeds typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon while * are angiosperms whose seeds have two embryonic leaves or cotyledons

Answer 32

Monocotyledons , dicotyledons

Question 33

Stem vascular bundles:
m
d

Answer 33

m: scattered
d: arranged in a ring

Question 34

root system
m
d

Answer 34

m: fibrous
d: taproot

Question 35

leaf venation

Answer 35

m: parallel
d: branched or netted

Question 36

Number of flower parts, pollen

Answer 36

m: multiple of three
d: four, five or multiple of these
Pollen
m: one pore or slit
d: three pores or slits

Question 37

onion, corn, rice, sugarcane

Answer 37

monocots

Question 38

tomatoes, cabbage, apple, peach

Answer 38

dicots

Question 39

• is defined as a response of organisms to an internal or external stimulus.

Answer 39

Behavior

Question 40

• is anything in the environment (water, heat, pressure, etc.) that triggers a physiological change in an organism.

Answer 40

Stimuli

Question 41

• is a growth response that

depends on a stimulus that occurs in a particular direction.

Answer 41

Tropism

Question 42

a substance that is metabolized by or incorporated into an organism for its growth and development

Answer 42

nutrient

Question 43

• are chemical elements that are required
  by plants and play many roles in plant metabolism, often functioning as enzyme cofactors. Elements that are generally required in amounts of at least 1 g/kg or above 0.5% of plant dry mass are known as * .
  In contrast, elements that are needed in minute amounts or at less than 0.1 g/kg of plant dry mass are known as * ,or trace elements.

Answer 43

.Essential elements, macronutrients, micronutrients

Question 44

C, H, O, N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S

Answer 44

Macronutrients

Question 45

Cl, Fe, B, Mn, Zn, Co

Answer 45

Micronutrients

Question 46

• tissue is composed of elongated cells with irregularly thickened walls. They provide structural support, particularly in growing shoots and leaves. Collenchyma is found chiefly in the cortex of stems and in leaves.

Answer 46

Collenchyma

Question 47

• tissue is composed of * cells, which are usually dead at maturity (i.e., have lost their protoplasts). They characteristically contain very thick, hard secondary walls lined with lignin; Sclerenchyma cells are the principal supporting cells in plant tissues that have ceased elongation. Two types of sclerenchyma cells exist: fibers and sclereids

Answer 47

Sclerenchyma

Question 48

• “the most common ground tissue” living cell. In most plants, metabolic activity (such as respiration, digestion, and photosynthesis), secretion and food and water storage occur in these cells. Parenchyma is usually present in cortex, pericycle, pith, and medullary rays in primary stem and root. They do not have a secondary cell wall at maturity and thus remain flexible and capable of elongation Stem parenchyma also has the ability to undergo cell division (meristematic capacity), which aids wound healing when stems are damaged.

Answer 48

Parenchyma