Animals Flashcards
an animal whose temperature is dictated by its surroundings. - Although they do not maintain a constant warm temperature, some of these animals do manage to raise their body temperature far above that of their surroundings. They do this by behavioral means, such as basking in direct sunshine when the surrounding air is cool.
Cold blooded or ectoderm
- an animal that keeps its body at a constant warm temperature by generating internal heat.
- these animals generate heat through their metabolic processes, and they retain it by having insulating layers of fat, fur, or feathers. Because their bodies are always warm, they can remain active in some of the coldest conditions on earth.
Warm blooded or endoderm
Reptiles, amphibians, and fish.
Cold blooded or ectoderm
Asexual reproduction, animals produce offspring without needing a partner. Asexual reproduction is most common in simple animals such as *
flatworms and cnidarians.
Sexual * , involves two parents. The parents produce sperm and egg cells (gametes), which are brought together to form a fertilized cell (zygote) with a new and unique combination of genes. In this genetic lottery, offspring inherit unique combinations of characteristics that increase the likelihood that at least some individuals in the population can survive changes in the environment. In most cases, each partner is either male or female, but in some animals—such as earthworms, slugs, and snails–each one is a hermaphrodite, an animal that has both male and female organs. * usually fertilize each other, with both partners producing young.
reproduction, Hermaphrodites
life cycle
Sperm n), Egg (n), Egg/Zygote (2n), Embryo (2n)
n = 23
The human skeleton consists of more than 200 bones bound together by tough and relatively inelastic connective tissues called *.
ligaments
The nervous system is composed of the *
central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.
The *, which includes the brain and spinal cord, processes and coordinates all incoming sensory information and outgoing motor commands, and it is also the seat of complex brain functions such as memory, intelligence, learning, and emotion.
central nervous system
The * includes all neural tissue outside of the central nervous system. It is responsible for providing sensory, or afferent, information to the central nervous system and carrying motor, or efferent, commands out to the body’s tissues.
peripheral nervous system
Voluntary motor commands, such as moving muscles to walk or talk, are controlled by the * , while involuntary motor commands, such as digestion and heart beat, are controlled by the *
somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system.
The autonomic nervous system is further divided into two systems. The * , sometimes called the “fight or flight” system, increases alertness, stimulates tissue, and prepares the body for quick responses to unusual situations.
sympathetic nervous system
In contrast, the * , sometimes called the “rest and repose” system, conserves energy and controls sedentary activities, such as digestion.
parasympathetic nervous system
The nervous system has two divisions: the *, which allows voluntary control over skeletal muscle, and the * , which is involuntary and controls cardiac and smooth muscle and glands. The autonomic nervous system has two divisions: the * and the *. Many, but not all, of the muscles and glands that distribute nerve impulses to the larger interior organs possess a double nerve supply; in such cases the two divisions may exert opposing effects. Thus, the sympathetic system increases heartbeat, and the parasympathetic system decreases heartbeat. The two nervous systems are not always antagonistic, however.
somatic, autonomic
sympathetic, parasympathetic
The human brain has three major structural components: the large dome-shaped * (top), the smaller somewhat spherical * (lower right), and the * (center). Prominent in the brainstem are the medulla * (the egg-shaped enlargement at center) and the * (between the medulla and the cerebrum).
cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, oblongata, thalamus
The * is responsible for intelligence and reasoning.
conscious thinking
cerebrum
The * helps to maintain balance and posture.
cerebellum
The * is involved in maintaining involuntary functions such as respiration, and the * acts as a relay center for electrical impulses traveling to and from the cerebral cortex. Lack of blood flow to any part of the brain results in a stroke, permanent damage that interferes with the functions of the affected part of the brain.
medulla, thalamus
- are specialized white blood cells that identify and destroy invading organisms such as bacteria and viruses. Some directly destroy invading organisms, whereas other regulate the
immune system by directing immune responses.
T lymphocytes
- , the release of an egg into the uterus, occurs approximately every 28 days
Ovulation
The duration of pregnancy is about * days
280
After childbirth, *, a hormone secreted by the pituitary, activates the production of milk.
prolactin
Digestive system gastrointestinal tract
mouth - pharynx - esophagus - stomach - small intestine - large intestine
accessory structure
teeth - tongue - salivary glands - liver - gallbladder - pancreas
secretions of digestive system
salivary amylase/ ptyalin, gastric juice (HCl, Pepsin, Mucus), Bile, Pancreatic Juice
young bone
cartilage
muscle to bone
tendon
bone to bone
ligament
Respiratory system
nose - nasal cavity - pharynx - larynx - trachea - bronchi - bronchioles - alveoli
Pathway of gametes (Male)
Testicle - Epididymis - Vas deferens - Ejaculatory Duct - Urethra
Female (gametes)
Ovary - Fallopian Tube - Uterus
Circulatory system
right atrium - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary veins - left atrium - left ventricle - aorta - arteries - capillaries - veins - vena cava
Hormone secreted by pancreas
insulin and glucagon
insulin
glucose uptake
glucagon
increasing blood glucose
Female (endocrine gland)
Male (endocrine gland))
ovary, estrogen
testes, testosterone
Hormone secreted by pituitary gland
oxytocin, prolactin, growth hormone
oxytocin
milk ejection, uterine contraction
prolactin
mammary gland
Hormone secreted by Adrenal
adrenaline: emergency reactions
(brain) responsible for emotions
hypothalamus
master gland of the endocrine
pituitary gland
respiratory rate
pons and medulla oblongata
